Evolution of fungal populations in corn silage conserved under polyethylene or biodegradable films

Spadaro, D.; Bustos-Lopez, M.P.; Gullino, M. L.; Piano, Serenella; Tabacco, Ernesto; Borreani, G.

doi:10.1111/jam.12852

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Keller et al (2013) found A. flavus as the predominant Aspergillus species at both ensiling and at silo opening in Brazil, and El-Shanawany et al (2005), in a farm survey, found A. flavus as the dominant species in corn silage in Egypt. On the other hand, Garon et al (2006) and Spadaro et al (2015) did not find A. flavus in corn silage in the temperate climates of France or northern Italy, but instead reported the presence of A. parasiticus and A. fumigatus. However, Richard et al (2007) detected A. flavus in farm corn silage in France after 11 mo of conservation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites with low molecular weight that are mainly produced by fungi belonging to the Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria genera . Mold and mycotoxin contamination of several feed and forages represent an important problem for human and animal health (Driehuis, 2013;Spadaro et al, 2015). Furthermore, this contamination causes increases in food production costs as a result of the increased need for testing, lower prices received for contaminated loads, potential lawsuits from consumers, and decreased livestock performance (Mitchell et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increase in aflatoxins due to Aspergillus section Flavi multiplication during the aerobic deterioration of corn silage treated with different bacteria inocula

Ferrero

Prencipe

Spadaro

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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The growth of Aspergillus flavus and the production of aflatoxins (AF) during the aerobic deterioration of corn silage represent a problem for animal and human health. This experiment was conducted to evaluate whether the presence of A. flavus and AF production originate from the field or additional AF are produced during the fermentation phase or during aerobic deterioration of corn silage. The trial was carried out in northern Italy on corn at a dry matter (DM) level of 34%. The fresh herbage was either not treated (C) or treated with a Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) NCIMB 40788 [(at 3 × 10 5 cfu/g of fresh matter (FM)], Lactobacillus hilgardii (LH) CNCM I-4785 (at 3 × 10 5 cfu/g of FM), or their combination (LB+LH; at 1.5 × 10 5 cfu/g of FM of each strain) ensiled in 20-L silos and opened after 250 d of ensiling. After silo opening, the aerobic stability was evaluated and samples were taken after 7 and 14 d of air exposure. The pre-ensiled material, the silages at silo opening, and the aerobically exposed silages were analyzed for DM content, fermentative profiles, microbial count, nutritive characteristics, DM losses, and AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 , and AFG 2 contents. Furthermore, a subsample of colonies with macromorphological features of Aspergillus section Flavi was selected for AF gene pattern characterization and in vitro AF production. The presence of A. flavus was below the detection limit (<1.00 log 10 cfu/g) in the fresh forage before ensiling, whereas it was found in 1 out of 16 silage samples at silo opening at a level of 1.24 log 10 cfu/g. The AF were found in both the fresh forage and at opening in all the samples, with a predominance of AFB 2 (mean value of 1.71 μg/kg of DM). The inocu-lation of lactic acid bacteria determined a reduction in the lactic-to-acetic ratio compared with the control. A larger amount of acetic acid resulted in a lower yeast count and higher aerobic stability in the treated silages than in the control ones. At the beginning of aerobic deterioration, the yeasts increased to over 5 log 10 cfu/g, whereas the molds were close to the value observed at silo opening. When the inhibiting conditions were depleted (pH and temperature higher than 5 and 35°C, respectively), both the total molds and A. flavus reached higher values than 8.00 and 4.00 log 10 cfu/g, respectively, thus determining the ex novo production of AFB 1 during aerobic deterioration, regardless of treatments. The analysis of gene pattern showed that 64% of the selected colonies of A. flavus showed the presence of all 4 AF gene patterns, and 43% of the selected colonies were able to produce AF in vitro. During air exposure, after 1,000°C·h have been cumulated, starch content decreased (below 10% DM) and concentration of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicelluloses, crude protein, and ash increased. The inoculation with LB and LB+LH increased the aerobic stability of the silages and delayed the onset of aerobic microbial degradation, which in turn indirectly reduced the risk of A. flavus outgrowth and A...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increase in aflatoxins due to Aspergillus section Flavi multiplication during the aerobic deterioration of corn silage treated with different bacteria inocula

Ferrero

Prencipe

Spadaro

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…The major common feature shared by the two substrates was the high temperature during fermentation, which led to a selection of thermo‐tolerant microorganisms. A. fumigatus is able to grow at temperatures that approach the upper limit for eukaryotes, thanks to unique mechanisms of stress resistance, useful to bypass high‐temperature processes and starting a re‐colonization of the substrate in the absence of competition with other microbial species . This mechanism is particularly evident analysing A. fumigatus abundance in corn silage stored anaerobically for 270 days when the silo was opened and the material exposed to air.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A. fumigatus is able to grow at temperatures that approach the upper limit for eukaryotes, thanks to unique mechanisms of stress resistance, useful to bypass high-temperature processes and starting a re-colonization of the substrate in the absence of competition with other microbial species. 49 This mechanism is particularly evident analysing A. fumigatus abundance in corn silage stored anaerobically for 270 days when the silo was opened and the material exposed to air. Starting from a concentration close to the detection limit (100 cfu/g) immediately after opening, A. fumigatus abundance increased rapidly reaching the highest concentrations ever detected in an organic substrate (7.4 × 10 4 to 2.35 × 10 7 cfu/g).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance, genetic diversity and sensitivity to demethylation inhibitor fungicides of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from organic substrates with special emphasis on compost

Santoro

Matić

Gisi

et al. 2017

Pest Management Science

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“…The biomass collected with higher moisture occupies more volume and, for that reason, it is more expensive to collect, store and transport [141]. Furthermore, stover harvested with high humidity allows the presence of moldy and saprophytic fungi, facilitating their rapid decomposition and, consequently, bringing about economic losses [142]. Thus, it could be imperative to dry the biomass prior to transport to the site of its conversion, although this increases the economic cost and decreases the net energy obtained because some energy has to be spent in drying the biomass.…”

Section: Dual Purpose Crops Optimized For Grain-biomass Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redefining Agricultural Residues as Bioenergy Feedstocks

2016

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The use of plant biomass is a sustainable alternative to the reduction of CO2 emissions. Agricultural residues are interesting bioenergy feedstocks because they do not compete with food and add extra value to the crop, which might help to manage these residues in many regions. Breeding crops for dual production of food and bioenergy has been reported previously, but the ideal plant features are different when lignocellulosic residues are burnt for heat or electricity, or fermented for biofuel production. Stover moisture is one of the most important traits in the management of agricultural waste for bioenergy production which can be modified by genetic improvement. A delayed leaf senescence or the stay-green characteristic contributes to higher grain and biomass yield in standard, low nutrient, and drought-prone environments. In addition, the stay-green trait could be favorable for the development of dual purpose varieties because this trait could be associated with a reduction in biomass losses and lodging. On the other hand, the stay-green trait could be detrimental for the management of agricultural waste if it is associated with higher stover moisture at harvest, although this hypothesis has been insufficiently tested. In this paper, a review of traits relevant to the development of dual purpose varieties is presented with particular emphasis on stover moisture and stay-green, because less attention has been paid to these important traits in the literature. The possibility of developing new varieties for combined production is discussed from a breeding perspective.

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Evolution of fungal populations in corn silage conserved under polyethylene or biodegradable films

Cited by 27 publications

References 42 publications

Increase in aflatoxins due to Aspergillus section Flavi multiplication during the aerobic deterioration of corn silage treated with different bacteria inocula

Increase in aflatoxins due to Aspergillus section Flavi multiplication during the aerobic deterioration of corn silage treated with different bacteria inocula

Abundance, genetic diversity and sensitivity to demethylation inhibitor fungicides of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from organic substrates with special emphasis on compost

Redefining Agricultural Residues as Bioenergy Feedstocks

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