Evolution of Host-Plant Manipulation by Gall Makers: Ecological and Genetic Factors in the Solidago-eurosta System

Weis, Arthur E.; Abrahamson, Warren G.

doi:10.1086/284513

Cited by 138 publications

(121 citation statements)

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“…The gall is a product of the interspecifi c association of the plant with the insect, which develops a specifi c novel structure in response of the insect stimulus (Weis and Abrahamson, 1986;Raman, 2007Raman, , 2011. Gall-inducing insects actively manipulate the host plant to induce a structure that provides nutrition to their larvae and protection against adverse environmental conditions and natural enemies (Price et al, 1987;Stone and Schönrogge, 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

Developmental morphology of bud galls induced on the vegetative meristems of Quercus castanea by Amphibolips michoacaensis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).

et al. 2015

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Abstract:A gall is the result of complex interactions between a gall inducing-insect and its host plant. Certain groups of insects have the ability to induce a new structure, a gall, on plant organs by altering the normal growth of the host involved plant organ. The gall usually provides shelter and nutrients, in addition to protection against adverse environmental conditions and natural enemies to the inducing insect and its offspring. The ecological uniqueness of a gall is that it allows the inducing-insect to complete their life cycles. In this study, we have described the structures of different stages of growth of a gall induced by Amphibolips michoacaensis on the buds of leaves on Quercus castanea (Fagaceae) to know the subcellular changes during development. The gall consist of various layers such as a nutritive tissue, a lignifi ed sheath, a spongy layer and an outermost epidermis around a centrally located larval chamber. The nutritive cell of the larval chamber show nuclear and nucleolar hypertrophy in the early phases of growth. The granular profi le of the nucleolus suggests an active synthesis of ribosomes indicating an accelerated protein synthesis in these cells. During early stages of growth, the cells of the spongy layers within galls are nucleate and nucleolate and include amyloplasts, and the cytoplasm is less abundant. During later growth stages, the spongy cells are enucleate and enucleolate. Chloroplasts occur in the epidermal cells during early stages of growth, indicating that galls are photosynthetically active in early stages of growth. During intermediate stages of growth, a gradual loss of cellular components occurs commencing in the epidermal cells and progressing towards the nutritive cells. Key words: Amphibolips michoacaensis, Cynipidae, gall morphology, Hymenoptera, Quercus castanea Resumen: La formación de una agalla es el resultado de una compleja interacción entre el insecto inductor de agallas y su planta hospedera. Ciertos grupos de insectos tienen la habilidad de inducir una nueva estructura, la agalla, sobre los órganos de las plantas alterando el crecimiento normal del órgano de la planta involucrado. Las agallas usualmente proveen refugio y nutrientes, además de protección contra condiciones ambientales adversas y enemigos naturales al insecto inductor y a su descendencia. La particularidad ecológica de la agalla es que permite al insecto inductor completar su ciclo de vida. En este estudio, nosotros hemos descrito la estructura de los diferentes estadios de crecimiento de la agalla inducida por Amphibolips michoacaensis sobre brotes de hojas de Quercus castanea Née (Fagaceae) para conocer los cambios subcelulares durante su desarrollo. La agalla consiste de varias capas tales como tejido nutritivo, una capa de células lignifi cadas, tejido esponjoso y una capa epidérmica externa que rodean a una cámara larval central. Las células del tejido nutritivo de la cámara larval presentan hipertrofi a de núcleo y nucléolo en las fases tempranas de crecimiento. El perfi l granula...

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Developmental morphology of bud galls induced on the vegetative meristems of Quercus castanea by Amphibolips michoacaensis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).

et al. 2015

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“…As in other conflict situations, the expressed form of the conflict depends on the benefits and costs to each party, the available variation across which selection optimizes, and who controls different aspects of the interaction. Galls induced by insects have increasingly been viewed as extended phenotypes (Dawkins 1982) of the gall inducer, based on genetic (Weis and Abrahamson 1986;Dodson 1991) and phylogenetic (Fukatsu et al 1994;Stem 1995;Stone and Cook 1998) evidence that the insects, rather than the plants, largely control variation in gall form in circumstances where a gall is successfully produced (see also Cook 1902;Kinsey 1920;Abrahamson et al 1991). Despite this emerging consensus and centuries of description and study of the often-bizarre structures of galls (reviews in Meyer 1987;Shorthouse and Rohfritsch 1992;Williams 1994), the selective pressures or other causes responsible for interspecific variation in gall morphology have yet to be analyzed in a systematic and nonspeculative manner (but see Stone and Cook 1998).…”

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Comparative Analysis of Gall Morphology in Australian Gall Thrips: The Evolution of Extended Phenotypes

Crespi

Worobey

1998

Evolution

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Abstract.-We used a combination of morphometric, phylogenetic, and life-history information to analyze the evolution and possible adaptive significance of gall morphology in a clade of 24 species of gall-inducing thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) on Australian Acacia trees. Principal components analysis revealed that galls varied in morphology along two main axes, spherical versus elongate (PC1) and general size (PC2). A high degree of conservation of gall shape on an independently derived phylogeny of the insects and the presence of nine species of Acacia each bearing two or three morphologically disparate gall forms induced by different thrips species indicate that interspecific variation in gall form is determined predominantly by the insects. Character optimization of PCl on the phylogeny of gall thrips suggested that the ancestral gall form was a simple roll or curl. The diversification of gall form involved four main processes: (1) the convergent evolution of relatively spherical galls in two clades; (2) the evolution of small elongate and hemispherical galls in one clade; (3) the evolution of a lobed interior in a species with a spherical gall and multiple within-gall generations; and (4) the evolution of intraspecific gall polymorphism in a clade of apparent sibling species. Comparative analyses indicated that gall sphericity was associated with the presence of physogastry (foundress hyperfecundity) and that small elongate and hemispherical forms may be associated with the presence of multiple generations in a gall and, perhaps, with the presence of soldier castes. The evolution of a lobed interior in one species, which greatly increases inner surface area, coincided with the evolution of multiple generations. In the clade with intraspecific gall polymorphism in some species, patterns of intraspecific variation mirror patterns of interspecific variation within the clade as a whole. This is the first study to analyze the evolution of gall size and shape in a phylogenetic context and to investigate the life-history correlates of evolutionary changes in gall form. Taken together, our findings indicate that the main selective pressures driving the evolution of gall form in Australian gall thrips on Acacia involve inner surface area to volume relationships, which change in concert with foundress fecundity and the number of within-gall generations.Key words.-Adaptation, extended phenotypes, gall morphology, gall thrips, phylogeny.Received November 5, 1997.The presence and phenotype of galls, growths on plants induced by insects or microorganisms, reflect a conflict of interest between the plant, which suffers nutrient loss due to the parasitism, and the galler, which gains from the acquisition of food in a more-or-less protected microhabitat (e.g., Mayr 1963, pp. 196-197;Price et al. 1987). As in other conflict situations, the expressed form of the conflict depends on the benefits and costs to each party, the available variation across which selection optimizes, and who controls different aspects of the interacti...

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“…Mortality due to parasitoids (and inquilines) in gallmaker Cecidomyiidae is commonly high: about 50% or higher (Hawkins, 1988 and references therein). Natural enemies may exert important evolutionary pressure on gall-makers, for example in the shift of host plant species attacked (Brown et al, 1995), but may or may not for gall traits such as shape and thickness (Waring & Price, 1989, but see Weis & Abrahamson, 1986). There is still much debate about whether galls may provide protection against natural enemies, especially parasitoids, but also other herbivores (see Schultz, 1992) and/or serve different purposes (Price et al, 1987;Price & Pschorn-Walcher, 1988;Hawkins, 1988;Hartley & Lawton, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural enemies of the gall-maker Eugeniamyia dispar (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae): predatory ants and parasitoids

Mendonça

Romanowski

2002

Braz. J. Biol.

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Natural enemies of the gall maker Eugeniamyia dispar (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were studied on the urban area of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil from October 1993 to March 1996. Galls and associated arthropods were followed weekly in the field on individual host plants (Eugenia uniflora, Myrtaceae) and also in the laboratory. Three species of ants attacked the galls, the most common being Pseudomyrmex sp. A proportion of galls was parasitised by Rileya sp. (Eurytomidae). The adults of this solitary ectoparasitoid were also attacked by the ants and fell prey to spider webs.

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Evolution of Host-Plant Manipulation by Gall Makers: Ecological and Genetic Factors in the Solidago-eurosta System

Cited by 138 publications

References 29 publications

Developmental morphology of bud galls induced on the vegetative meristems of Quercus castanea by Amphibolips michoacaensis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).

Developmental morphology of bud galls induced on the vegetative meristems of Quercus castanea by Amphibolips michoacaensis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).

Comparative Analysis of Gall Morphology in Australian Gall Thrips: The Evolution of Extended Phenotypes

Natural enemies of the gall-maker Eugeniamyia dispar (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae): predatory ants and parasitoids

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