Evolution of hydrothermal fluids of HS and LS type epithermal Au–Ag deposits in the Seongsan hydrothermal system of the Cretaceous Haenam volcanic field, South Korea

Lee, Gilljae; Koh, Sang‐Mo; Pirajno, Franco

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.01.003

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…They occur within Jurassic granitoids and sedimentary rocks and have the structural characteristics of extensional systems in relation to the NE-trending Gongju-Eumseong fault. In contrast, Cretaceous Haenam-Jindo epithermal gold-silver deposits are distributed in calc-alkaline volcano-tectonic depressions [3,47,48]. They have intermediate-to-silicic extrusive lithologies in the Cretaceous volcano-tectonic terrane and have the characteristics of extensional systems with respect to the NE-trending Gwangju-Yeongdong fault.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Table 8, variations in auriferous ore-forming fluids are projected onto the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Cretaceous Korean epithermal Au-Ag deposits. The Mugeuk gold-silver deposits are estimated to be epithermal-to-mesothermal deposits [4][5][6]10], whereas the Haenam-Jindo gold-silver deposits are unquestionable as epithermal deposits [3,47,48]. In contrast, the Eunjeok deposit has some similarities with Haenam-Jindo deposits in terms of geologic setting, major fault system, host rock, and age of gold-silver mineralization, whereas they share some characteristics with Mugeuk deposits based on mineral composition and fluid inclusion characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, the Eunjeok deposit has some similarities with Haenam-Jindo deposits in terms of geologic setting, major fault system, host rock, and age of gold-silver mineralization, whereas they share some characteristics with Mugeuk deposits based on mineral composition and fluid inclusion characteristics. In terms of tectonic evolution, it is thought that the Haenam-Jindo and Eunjeok deposits experienced similar periods of volcano-tectonic depression, resulting in similar host rock and related fault systems [3,9,16,[49][50][51]. In contrast, Mugeuk and Eunjeok deposits show similar fluid inclusion characteristics, such as the inflow of progressively less evolved meteoric waters during the deposition of gold-silver mineralization [10][11][12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cretaceous epithermal gold-silver deposits in South Korea are tectonically related to pull-apart basins and volcano-tectonic depressions [1][2][3]. Two representative epithermal gold-silver mineralized areas are the Mugeuk and the Haenam-Jindo districts [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] (Figure 1). The major veins in these districts occur in subvolcanic to volcanic rocks of approximately similar ages [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Environments of the Eunjeok Au–Ag Deposit in the Yeongam District: Implications for Cretaceous Epithermal Au–Ag Mineralization in South Korea

Heo

Kim

2021

Minerals

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Eunjeok Au–Ag deposits are situated in the Yeongam district, Cheollanamdo-province, South Korea. They are genetically related to the Bulgugsa magmatic event (ca. 110–60 Ma), caused by the transition in the subduction direction and style of the Izanagi Plate. Three gold- and silver-bearing hydrothermal veins filled the fractures of the Cretaceous rhyolitic tuff. The major ore minerals were arsenopyrite (31.47–32.20 at.% As), pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite (8.58–10.71 FeS mole%) and galena with minor amounts of electrum (62.77–78.15 at.% Au), native silver, and argentite. Sericitization was dominant in the alteration zone. The various textures of quartz veins (i.e., breccia, crustiform, comb, and vuggy) may indicate the formation of an epithermal environment. The auriferous fluids with the H2O–NaCl system have homogenization temperatures and salinities of 204 °C to 314 °C, less than 10 wt.% equiv. NaCl, and experienced mixing (dilution and cooling) events during mineralization. Considering the characteristics of the geologic setting, major fault system, and host rock, the Eunjeok Au–Ag deposit within the Yeongam district tends to share the general geologic characteristics of Haenam–Jindo epithermal mineralization episodes. However, the age of gold–silver mineralization (86.0 Ma) is older than that of Haenam–Jindo epithermal mineralization episodes (<70.3 Ma), implying some differences exist in the genetic sequence of extensional characteristics caused by transcurrent Gwangju–Yeongdong faults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Environments of the Eunjeok Au–Ag Deposit in the Yeongam District: Implications for Cretaceous Epithermal Au–Ag Mineralization in South Korea

Heo

Kim

2021

Minerals

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“…There are not too many places on the earth which exhibit the co-occurrence of both HSand LS-type deposits in the same volcanic field. The Seongsan hydrothermal system is one of these rare and unique places that shows the occurrence of early-stage high sulfidation of hydrothermal alunite-kaolin deposits and later-stage low (intermediate)-sulfidation episodes of epithermal Au-Ag deposits in the same geothermal field, which is closely related to silicic volcanism in the Cretaceous Haenam volcanic field, South Korea [69]. These HS and LS types of hydrothermal systems show a close genetic relationship temporally and spatially, and this presents a textbook example of the changes in pH, chemistry and temperature of geothermal fluids and depth of geothermal reservoirs through time as the results of progressively active regional tectonism and magmatism.…”

Section: Hypogene Vs Supergene Origin Of Kaolinizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Occurrence, Geology and Characteristics of Hydrothermal-Origin Kaolin Deposits

Ece,

Ercan

2024

Minerals

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Kaolin-group minerals occur in nature as the result of high-sulfidation acid sulfate, sulfur-poor HCl-, HF- and H2CO3-rich acidic fluid-related hydrothermal alterations and in situ geochemical weathering. These minerals possess different crystallographic and chemical properties that determine their application areas, mainly in the ceramic and paper industries, and as nanocomposite materials. The physicochemical properties of hydrothermal kaolin deposits are the result of the type of parent rock, the effect of the regional tectonism-associated magmatism, and the chemical features of hydrothermal fluids that interact with the deep basement rocks. However, understanding these geothermal systems is one of the most challenging issues due to the rich mineralogical assemblages, complex geochemistry and isotopic data of hydrothermal alteration zones. This study evaluates the formation of hydrothermal-origin kaolin-group minerals by considering their characteristics of hydrothermal alteration, isotopic compositions and differences in characteristic properties of low- and high-sulfidation occurrences; this paper also addresses mineralogical and structural differences between hypogene and supergene kaolin formations, and kaolin–alunite–pyrophyllite association, and it provides examples of worldwide occurrences. The study of the mineralogical assemblages, geochemistry and isotopic data of the hydrothermal alteration zones is one of the most challenging subjects in terms of gaining a detailed understanding of the geothermal systems. Silicification processes are subsequent to late-stage alteration after the completion of kaolinization processes, erasing existing hydrothermal mineralogical and geochemical traces and making interpretation difficult. In the early stages involving magmatic–hydrothermal-origin acidic geothermal fluids, the latter comes from the disproportionation of SO2 (+H2O) and H2S oxidation to H2SO4 in hydrothermal environments. In the later stages, due to spatial and temporal changes over time in the chemistry of geothermal fluids, the system comes to have a more alkali–chloride composition, with neutral pH waters frequently saturated with amorphous silica which characteristically precipitate as siliceous sinter deposits containing large amounts of opal-A.

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Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of stones of arhat statuettes unearthed in Naju, Korea: geoarchaeological implications

Chang

Jo²,

Seo³

et al. 2022

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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Evolution of hydrothermal fluids of HS and LS type epithermal Au–Ag deposits in the Seongsan hydrothermal system of the Cretaceous Haenam volcanic field, South Korea

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Genetic Environments of the Eunjeok Au–Ag Deposit in the Yeongam District: Implications for Cretaceous Epithermal Au–Ag Mineralization in South Korea

Genetic Environments of the Eunjeok Au–Ag Deposit in the Yeongam District: Implications for Cretaceous Epithermal Au–Ag Mineralization in South Korea

Global Occurrence, Geology and Characteristics of Hydrothermal-Origin Kaolin Deposits

Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of stones of arhat statuettes unearthed in Naju, Korea: geoarchaeological implications

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