Evolution of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Cry toxins insecticidal activity

Bravo, Alejandra; Gómez, Isabel; Porta, Helena; García‐Gómez, Blanca I.; Rodríguez-Almazán, Claudia; Pardo, Liliana; Soberón, Mário

doi:10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00342.x

Cited by 247 publications

(178 citation statements)

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“…In humans, B. cereus can cause emetic and diarrheal forms of gastroenteritis (16,17). B. anthracis is an obligate mammalian pathogen (18), and B. thuringiensis can infect insects (19)(20)(21). In contrast, B. weihenstephanensis, B. mycoides, and B. pseudomycoides are nonpathogenic.…”

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The Genomes, Proteomes, and Structures of Three Novel Phages That Infect the Bacillus cereus Group and Carry Putative Virulence Factors

Grose

Belnap

Jensen

et al. 2014

J Virol

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This article reports the results of studying three novel bacteriophages, JL, Shanette, and Basilisk, which infect the pathogen Bacillus cereus and carry genes that may contribute to its pathogenesis. We analyzed host range and superinfection ability, mapped their genomes, and characterized phage structure by mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The JL and Shanette genomes were 96% similar and contained 217 open reading frames (ORFs) and 220 ORFs, respectively, while Basilisk has an unrelated genome containing 138 ORFs. Mass spectrometry revealed 23 phage particle proteins for JL and 15 for Basilisk, while only 11 and 4, respectively, were predicted to be present by sequence analysis. Structural protein homology to wellcharacterized phages suggested that JL and Shanette were members of the family Myoviridae, which was confirmed by TEM. The third phage, Basilisk, was similar only to uncharacterized phages and is an unrelated siphovirus. Cryogenic electron microscopy of this novel phage revealed a T‫9؍‬ icosahedral capsid structure with the major capsid protein (MCP) likely having the same fold as bacteriophage HK97 MCP despite the lack of sequence similarity. Several putative virulence factors were encoded by these phage genomes, including TerC and TerD involved in tellurium resistance. Host range analysis of all three phages supports genetic transfer of such factors within the B. cereus group, including B. cereus, B. anthracis, and B. thuringiensis. This study provides a basis for understanding these three phages and other related phages as well as their contributions to the pathogenicity of B. cereus group bacteria. IMPORTANCEThe Bacillus cereus group of bacteria contains several human and plant pathogens, including B. cereus, B. anthracis, and B. thuringiensis. Phages are intimately linked to the evolution of their bacterial hosts and often provide virulence factors, making the study of B. cereus phages important to understanding the evolution of pathogenic strains. Herein we provide the results of detailed study of three novel B. cereus phages, two highly related myoviruses (JL and Shanette) and an unrelated siphovirus (Basilisk). The detailed characterization of host range and superinfection, together with results of genomic, proteomic, and structural analyses, reveal several putative virulence factors as well as the ability of these phages to infect different pathogenic species.

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The Genomes, Proteomes, and Structures of Three Novel Phages That Infect the Bacillus cereus Group and Carry Putative Virulence Factors

Grose

Belnap

Jensen

et al. 2014

J Virol

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“…El dominio ii es el más variable, ya que conserva en menor grado la secuencia y estructura terciaria entre las toxinas Cry (De Maagd, Bravo y Crickmore, 2001). Está conformada por tres hojas plegadas antiparalelas β y por tres asas distribuidas en una topología tipo "llave griega" (figura 2) (Hernández Fernández y López Bravo et al, 2012). En las asas de sus hojas plegadas β se observa la mayor diferencia estructural (De León, 2010).…”

Section: Estructura Tridimensional De Las Toxinas Cryunclassified

“…El último dominio funcional consiste en dos láminas plegadas β antipa- ralelas (figura 2), que forman un β-sándwich, y está involucrado en el mantenimiento de la integridad estructural de la toxina ante la proteólisis en el intestino del organismo susceptible. Participa en la interacción con receptores presentes en el epitelio intestinal del insecto blanco, en la penetración en la membrana celular y en la formación de canales iónicos que generan desbalance osmótico (Schnepf, et al, 1998;Bravo, et al, 2012;Hernández Fernández y López Pazos, 2011).…”

Section: Estructura Tridimensional De Las Toxinas Cryunclassified

“…La toxina tiene alta afinidad con receptores específicos, y reconoce especialmente un receptor primario tipo cadherina (cadr: glicoproteína) en las microvellosidades celulares del intestino del insecto susceptible, que interactúa con la toxina Cry y provoca un cambio conformacional en la proteína, lo que facilita la oligomerización y la formación de un preporo. De acuerdo con Bravo, et al (2012) (2007), una vez formado el preporo, este tiene alta afinidad con receptores secundarios de la membrana apical, como las N aminopeptidasas (apn), alcalino fosfatasas (alp) y glicolípidos que interactúan en regiones específicas de la membrana y facilitan la formación de poros líticos. Estos últimos permiten el paso de iones, agua y la germinación de esporas, lo que causa hinchazón, lisis y finalmente septicemia del hospedero (figura 3).…”

Section: Mecanismo De Acción De Las Toxinas Cryunclassified

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Brasicáceas y perspectivas de control biológico del insecto plaga Plutella xylostella (Lepidóptera: Plutellidae) utilizando Bacillus thuringiensis

Guerrero

Fernández

2017

Revista Mutis

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La Plutella xylostella (L.) es un insecto plaga que afecta principalmente los cultivos de brasicáceas o crucíferas como el repollo, coliflor, brócoli y rábano, entre otros. Las limitaciones del rendimiento y calidad de estos cultivos se deben principalmente al difícil manejo de esta plaga. En la actualidad, para controlar la P. xylostella se utilizan insecticidas de síntesis química, como piretroides, carbamatos u organofosforados, los cuales tienen acción inmediata pero causan efectos adversos en la salud y en el ambiente. Adicionalmente, la ausencia de enemigos naturales capaces de controlar a sus poblaciones, y su resistencia a numerosos insecticidas convencionales hacen que este insecto se establezca rápidamente en áreas productoras de brasicáceas. Se calcula que los costos mundiales asociados al control de la P. xylostella, sumados a las pérdidas en la producción agrícola, están entre cuatro y cinco billones de dólares anuales.Se han propuesto alternativas seguras, efectivas y de menor impacto ambiental, como el control biológico, que permite la producción sostenible de los cultivos de brasicáceas. La industria agrícola y forestal reconoce a la bacteria entomopatógena Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) como una buena alternativa biológica a los insecticidas químicos, puesto que es inocua sobre el ambiente y su toxicidad es altamente selectiva, ligada a su estrecho rango de especificidad sobre diferentes insectos plaga de los órdenes Lepidóptera, Coleóptera y Díptera. En esta revisión se presentan las posibilidades actuales que se pueden emplear para el control de la P. xylostella utilizando modelos investigativos basados en ensayos biológicos con Bt. Dichas posibilidades buscan superar las desventajas existentes en relación con la plaga P. xylostella y los cultivos de brasicáceas, además de entender la fisiología de Bt bajo condiciones que permitan incrementar la eficacia en el control biológico.

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“…The variability of these regions and their dispositions in 3 example toxins is shown in Figure 1. These surface loops are amongst the most variable in sequence and in length between individual toxins and even minor modifications have been shown to change targeting (Bravo et al, 2013). For example, Cry4Ba has no significant activity against Culex mosquitoes but the substitution of Asp454 in domain II loop 3 with the sequence Pro-Ala-Thr results in high toxicity to Culex species without reduction in toxicity towards Aedes aegypti (Abdullah et al, 2003).…”

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Structural classification of insecticidal proteins – Towards an in silico characterisation of novel toxins

Berry

Crickmore

2017

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Article (Accepted Version) http://sro.sussex.ac.uk Berry, Colin and Crickmore, Neil (2017) Structural classification of insecticidal proteins -towards an in silico characterization of novel toxins. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 142. pp. 16-22. ISSN 0022-2011 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/62164/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse:Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University.Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Accepted Manuscript Abstract:The increasing rate of discovery of new toxins with potential for the control of invertebrate pests through next generation sequencing, presents challenges for the identification of the best candidates for further development. A consideration of structural similarities between the different toxins suggest that they may be functionally less diverse than their low sequence similarities might predict. This is encouraging from the prospective of being able to use computational tools to predict toxin targets from their sequences, however more structure/function data are still required to reliably inform such predictions.Introduction:

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Evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins insecticidal activity

Cited by 247 publications

References 64 publications

The Genomes, Proteomes, and Structures of Three Novel Phages That Infect the Bacillus cereus Group and Carry Putative Virulence Factors

The Genomes, Proteomes, and Structures of Three Novel Phages That Infect the Bacillus cereus Group and Carry Putative Virulence Factors

Brasicáceas y perspectivas de control biológico del insecto plaga Plutella xylostella (Lepidóptera: Plutellidae) utilizando Bacillus thuringiensis

Structural classification of insecticidal proteins – Towards an in silico characterisation of novel toxins

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