Evolution of Lycopodiaceae (Lycopsida): Estimating Divergence Times from rbcL Gene Sequences by Use of Nonparametric Rate Smoothing

Wikström, Niklas; Kenrick, Paul

doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0936

Cited by 113 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…1). Interestingly, the initial divergences among the epiphytic clubmosses (see Table S1) were also estimated to have occurred in this era (55). These exceptions suggest that late Mesozoic conditions were somehow conducive to epiphyte growth and diversification, yet they were clearly not sufficient for the most prolific epiphytic radiations (see Figs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy

Schuettpelz

Pryer²

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

398

438

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In today's angiosperm-dominated terrestrial ecosystems, leptosporangiate ferns are truly exceptional-accounting for 80% of the Ϸ11,000 nonflowering vascular plant species. Recent studies have shown that this remarkable diversity is mostly the result of a major leptosporangiate radiation beginning in the Cretaceous, following the rise of angiosperms. This pattern is suggestive of an ecological opportunistic response, with the proliferation of flowering plants across the landscape resulting in the formation of many new niches-both on forest floors and within forest canopies-into which leptosporangiate ferns could diversify. At present, one-third of leptosporangiate species grow as epiphytes in the canopies of angiosperm-dominated tropical rain forests. However, we know too little about the evolutionary history of epiphytic ferns to assess whether or not their diversification was in fact linked to the establishment of these forests, as would be predicted by the ecological opportunistic response hypothesis. Here we provide new insight into leptosporangiate diversification and the evolution of epiphytism by integrating a 400-taxon molecular dataset with an expanded set of fossil age constraints. We find evidence for a burst of fern diversification in the Cenozoic, apparently driven by the evolution of epiphytism. Whether this explosive radiation was triggered simply by the establishment of modern angiospermdominated tropical rain forest canopies, or spurred on by some other large-scale extrinsic factor (e.g., climate change) remains to be determined. In either case, it is clear that in both the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, leptosporangiate ferns were adept at exploiting newly created niches in angiosperm-dominated ecosystems.divergence-time estimates ͉ diversification ͉ ecological opportunistic response ͉ epiphytes ͉ modern tropical rain forests

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…While a Mesozoic analog might have allowed for the early diversification of epiphytic trichomanoids (see Fig. 1) and clubmosses (55), and even some understory trees (48), it was not the cradle of biodiversity that the tropical rain forest biome is today (28,29,42).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy

Schuettpelz

Pryer²

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

398

438

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“…It should be noted, however, that in one respect the comparison is imperfect because L. cernuum in this study experienced a drop in CO 2 partial pressure as a function of altitude (i.e., falling total pressure) whereas the fossils grew at a time when total atmospheric pressure was similar or slight higher than now. If the comparison is taken to be reasonably robust, a further implication is that the physiology of lycopsids has apparently been highly conserved, despite the potential for over 300 Myr of evolutionary change, in a group that also shows a considerable degree of phylogenetic conservatism (21). (23, 24) and the occurrence of major ice sheets on Gondwana (25,26).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low atmospheric CO ₂ levels during the Permo- Carboniferous glaciation inferred from fossil lycopsids

Beerling

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Earth history was punctuated during the Permo-Carboniferous [300 -250 million years (Myr) ago] by the longest and most severe glaciation of the entire Phanerozoic Eon. But significant uncertainty surrounds the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere through this time interval and therefore its role in the evolution of this major prePleistocene glaciation. Here, I derive 24 Late Paleozoic CO 2 estimates from the fossil cuticle record of arborsecent lycopsids of the equatorial Carboniferous and Permian swamp communities. Quantitative calibration of Late Carboniferous (330 -300 Myr ago) and Permian (270 -260 Myr ago) lycopsid stomatal indices yield average atmospheric CO 2 concentrations of 344 ppm and 313 ppm, respectively. The reconstructions show a high degree of self-consistency and a degree of precision an order of magnitude greater than other approaches. Low CO 2 levels during the PermoCarboniferous glaciation are in agreement with glaciological evidence for the presence of continental ice and coupled models of climate and ice-sheet growth on Pangea. Moreover, the Permian data indicate atmospheric CO 2 levels were low 260 Myr ago, by which time continental deglaciation was already underway. Positive biotic feedbacks on climate, and geotectonic events, therefore are implicated as mechanisms underlying deglaciation.fossil plants ͉ paleoclimates ͉ stomata ͉ carbon isotopes P aleobotanical approaches for quantitatively estimating the pre-Quaternary CO 2 content of the Earth's atmosphere exploit the inverse relationship between leaf stomatal index (SI, fraction of epidermal cells that are stomata) and CO 2 shown by modern trees (1). However, their application has focused on the Cretaceous and Early Tertiary when extant species are represented in the fossil record (2). Attempts to extend this approach further back into the Paleozoic era with the genus Ginkgo are much less secure because of the need to switch to related taxa, such as pteridosperm genera, whose SIs lie outside the range of the calibration dataset (3). These considerations severely limit the utility of the plant fossil record for evaluating the role of CO 2 as a greenhouse gas during the Late Paleozoic glaciation (4), a time when quite large discrepancies are evident between geochemical modeling studies of the long-term carbon cycle (5), and paleobiological proxy CO 2 measurements (3, 6).Here, I report 24 quantitative Carboniferous and Permian atmospheric CO 2 estimates derived from the stomatal characteristics of fossil arborscent lycopsids, the spore-bearing vascular plant group dominating equatorial Euramerican and Cathaysian coal swamp floras during the Late Palaeozoic (7). The fossil lycopsid SIs were calibrated against the response to atmospheric CO 2 variations of three geographically distinct contemporary tropical Lycopodium cernuum populations, taken to be a reasonable nearest living equivalent (NLE) taxon among extant lycopsid species (8). Phylogenetically, Isoetes represents the nearest living relative to members of the Lepidodendron, Bothr...

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“…É uma família com ampla distribuição geográfica, com aproximadamente 400 espécies (Wikström & Kenrick 2001), distribuídas em quatro gêneros:…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Licófitas e samambaias da estação ecológica do Panga, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil: equisetaceae, Lycopodiaceae e chave para as famílias

Arantes

Prado

Ranal

2010

Hoehnea

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O presente trabalho apresenta o tratamento taxonômico das espécies de Equisetaceae e Lycopodiaceae da Estação Ecológica do Panga, assim como a chave para as famílias da área. A Estação Ecológica do Panga abrange 409,5 ha e está situada a 30 km ao sul do centro da cidade de Uberlândia, MG, entre as coordenadas 19º09'20"-19º11'10" S e 48º23'20"-48º24'35" W, a 740-840 m de altitude. A área apresenta grande importância ecológica por ser uma das poucas formações de vegetação natural da região e por possuir diferentes fisionomias comuns do bioma Cerrado como campestres, savânicas e florestais. Equisetaceae está representada por uma espécie (Equisetum giganteum L.) e Lycopodiaceae por um gênero e quatro espécies (Lycopodiella alopecuroides (L.) Cranfill, L. caroliniana (L.) Pic. Serm. var. meridionalis (Underw. & F.E. Lloyd) B. Øllg. & P.G. Windisch, L. camporum B. Øllg. & P.G. Windisch e L. cernua (L.) Pic. Serm.). São apresentadas chaves para famílias e espécies, bem como, descrições, ilustrações e distribuição geográfica.

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Evolution of Lycopodiaceae (Lycopsida): Estimating Divergence Times from rbcL Gene Sequences by Use of Nonparametric Rate Smoothing

Cited by 113 publications

References 39 publications

Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy

Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy

Low atmospheric CO ₂ levels during the Permo- Carboniferous glaciation inferred from fossil lycopsids

Licófitas e samambaias da estação ecológica do Panga, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil: equisetaceae, Lycopodiaceae e chave para as famílias

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Evolution of Lycopodiaceae (Lycopsida): Estimating Divergence Times from rbcL Gene Sequences by Use of Nonparametric Rate Smoothing

Cited by 113 publications

References 39 publications

Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy

Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy

Low atmospheric CO 2 levels during the Permo- Carboniferous glaciation inferred from fossil lycopsids

Licófitas e samambaias da estação ecológica do Panga, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil: equisetaceae, Lycopodiaceae e chave para as famílias

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Low atmospheric CO ₂ levels during the Permo- Carboniferous glaciation inferred from fossil lycopsids