Evolution of Micro-Nano Energy Harvesting Technology—Scavenging Energy from Diverse Sources towards Self-Sustained Micro/Nano Systems

Abstract

Facing the energy consumption of a huge number of distributed wireless Internet of Things (IoT) sensor nodes, scavenging energy from the ambient environment to power these devices is considered to be a promising method. Moreover, abundant energy sources of various types are widely distributed in the surrounding environment, which can be converted into electrical energy by micro-nano energy harvesters based on different mechanisms. In this review paper, we briefly introduce the development of different energy harvesters according to the classification of target energy sources, including microscale and nanoscale energy harvesters for vibrational energy sources, microscale energy harvesters for non-vibrational energy sources, and micro-nano energy harvesters for hybrid energy sources. Furthermore, the current advances and future prospects of the applications of micro-nano energy harvesters in event-based IoT systems and self-sustained systems are discussed.

Small wind turbines and their potential for internet of things applications

“…Advancements in materials technology, 326 particularly metamaterials research, 327 display tremendous potential in increasing the efficiency of SWT power generation, improving product stability, and reducing costs while increasing structural strength. With the development of micro and nanomanufacturing technology, 328 EMG can perform micro-scale energy transfer while the performance of PEG and TENG will significantly increase with the development of advanced material technology, reducing their manufacturing cost and increasing practicality. Metamaterials research will also enhance the structural strength of micro and nano-scale SWTs, extend their service life, and broaden their working range and environmental conditions.…”

Sustainable and Flexible Piezoelectric Nanogenerator with Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on High-Performance Synthesized BCZT Powder

“…Chemical cell batteries are commonly used to power portable electronics, but their frequent replacement or recharging prevents their wide use. Therefore, the demand for a durable and flexible power supply is essential to charge these batteries during processing. , Converting ambient energy, such as solar, thermal, and mechanical energy, to electric energy for powering electronic devices becomes possible due to the reduced power consumption of these innovative electronic devices. − The weather restriction of solar energy harvesting and the low collecting efficiency of thermal energy make it not applicable for wearable applications. The human body contains a variety of energy, including chemical, thermal, and mechanical energy .…”

Oxidative Damage during the Operation of Si(211)-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators

“…The rapid growth of the Internet of Things and the surging demand for portable electronic devices have fueled the need for autonomous power sources [1,2]. Batteries, while a common and widespread solution to power electronics, are non-regenerative power sources; hence, they need frequent recharging or replacing.…”