Evolution of Microstructure, Residual Stress, and Tensile Properties of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel Under Heat Treatments

Zhang, Xinchang; McMurtrey, Michael D; Wang, Liang; O’Brien, Robert C.; Shiau, Ching-Heng; Wang, Yun; Scott, Randall; Ren, Yang; Sun, Cheng

doi:10.1007/s11837-020-04433-9

Cited by 28 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Dendritic morphology prevails in most of the layers, and a eutectic structure can also form in between the dendrites [ 13 ]. As evident in Figure 8 , finer dendrites are found at the center of the deposited layer due to the higher cooling rate, which grew along the thermal gradient direction [ 64 , 65 ]. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the SEM images of layers indicate that no secondary phases and intermetallic compounds form at the layer-BM boundary or inside the layer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Laser Metal Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of Stellite 6 Deposited Layers on Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel

et al. 2021

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Laser metal deposition (LMD) is one of the manufacturing processes in the industries, which is used to enhance the properties of components besides producing and repairing important engineering components. In this study, Stellite 6 was deposited on precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel (17-4 PH) by using the LMD process, which employed a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. To realize a favor deposited sample, the effects of three LMD parameters (focal length, scanning speed, and frequency) were investigated, as well as microstructure studies and the results of a microhardness test. Some cracks were observed in the deposited layers with a low scanning speed, which were eliminated by an augment of the scanning speed. Furthermore, some defects were found in the deposited layers with a high scanning speed and a low frequency, which can be related to the insufficient laser energy density and a low overlapping factor. Moreover, various morphologies were observed within the microstructure of the samples, which can be attributed to the differences in the stability criterion and cooling rate across the layer. In the long run, a defect-free sample (S-120-5.5-25) possessing suitable geometrical attributes (wetting angle of 57° and dilution of 25.1%) and a better microhardness property at the surface (≈335 Hv) has been introduced as a desirable LMDed sample.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Laser Metal Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of Stellite 6 Deposited Layers on Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel

et al. 2021

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“…[ 13 ] Defeating effect is also reported in high‐temperature annealing at 1093 °C for 45 min, while it can relieve RS, weakening both the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, due to significant change in the microstructure (most of the dendritic and cellular structures were removed along with fine grains coarsening) and stress state (relief of compressive RS) after annealing at 983 °C or higher temperature. [ 174 ]…”

Section: Mitigation and Control Of Residual Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[13] Defeating effect is also reported in high-temperature annealing at 1093 °C for 45 min, while it can relieve RS, weakening both the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, due to significant change in the microstructure (most of the dendritic and cellular structures were removed along with fine grains coarsening) and stress state (relief of compressive RS) after annealing at 983 °C or higher temperature. [174] In the study by Jinoop, [175] the effect on laser-based DED-built Hastelloy-X samples using post solution heat treatment and d) normalized maximum principal RS, along diagonal direction in the deposit surface. Reproduced under the terms of CC-BY license.…”

Section: Post Heat Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution, Control, and Mitigation of Residual Stresses in Additively Manufactured Metallic Materials: A Review

Liu,

Shi,

Wang

2023

Adv Eng Mater

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Powder bed fusion (PBF) and directed energy deposition (DED) are the two major types of metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes, in which significant residual stresses could be generated in the as‐deposited materials and in turn affect part quality and performance. Therefore, how to control and mitigate residual stress has been a most pressing challenge for metal AM. In this paper, we systematically review the significant efforts made in literature to address this challenge for both PBF and DED processes. The extensive survey covers the formation of residual stress in AM, influence of various AM process parameters, modeling techniques for predicting residual stresses, and post and in‐situ treatments for mitigating unfavorable residual stress distributions. More importantly, a critical analysis is provided to discuss the research gaps and opportunities, such that more exciting research will be stimulated to address the outstanding issues in this area, and improve the quality and service life of AM produced components. As a result, once being better equipped with residual stress control knowledge and tools, the industry will be more confident in adopting metal AM techniques.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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“…The material's performance is influenced by the unique initial structures introduced from AM process and the microstructure evolution under harsh irradiation environments. Examples of characteristic AM features include pores [3], cellular walls [4], grains [5], grain boundaries [6], precipitations [7], residual stress [8], and anisotropic mechanical properties [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micropillar Compression of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steels after 2 MeV Proton Irradiation: A Comparison Study between Planar and Cross-Sectional Micropillars

Shiau

Miguel

et al. 2022

Metals

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A micropillar compression study with two different techniques was performed on proton-irradiated additively manufactured (AM) 316L stainless steels. The sample was irradiated at 360 °C using 2 MeV protons to 1.8 average displacement per atom (dpa) in the near-surface region. A comparison study with mechanical test and microstructure characterization was made between planar and cross-sectional pillars prepared from the irradiated surface. While a 2 MeV proton irradiation creates a relatively flat damage zone up to 12 µm, the dpa gradient by a factor of 2 leads to significant dpa uncertainty along the pillar height direction for the conventional planar technique. Cross-sectional pillars can significantly reduce such dpa uncertainty. From one single sample, three cross-sectional pillars were able to show dpa-dependent hardening. Furthermore, post-compression transmission electron microscopy allows the determination of the deformation mechanism of individual micropillars. Cross-sectional micropillar compression can be used to study radiation-induced mechanical property changes with better resolution and less data fluctuation.

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Evolution of Microstructure, Residual Stress, and Tensile Properties of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel Under Heat Treatments

Cited by 28 publications

References 32 publications

Effect of Laser Metal Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of Stellite 6 Deposited Layers on Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel

Effect of Laser Metal Deposition Parameters on the Characteristics of Stellite 6 Deposited Layers on Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel

Evolution, Control, and Mitigation of Residual Stresses in Additively Manufactured Metallic Materials: A Review

Micropillar Compression of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steels after 2 MeV Proton Irradiation: A Comparison Study between Planar and Cross-Sectional Micropillars

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