Evolution of Modern Forest Management Planning in the Republic of Turkey

Zengin, Hayati; Yeşil, Ahmet; Asan, Ünal; Bettinger, Pete; Cieszewski, Chris J.; Siry, Jacek P.

doi:10.5849/jof.11-103

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Eastern beech forest is one of the most important forest communities in the Black Sea Region [82] and Turkey, where it occupies 1.7 million hectares [14]. However, dynamics and structure of these valuable forest ecosystems are, in the long-term, significantly negatively affected by aggressive invasive pontic rhododendron [83,84].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extensive fires in the 18th and 19th century also largely supported the creation of beech forests [9][10][11]. Close-to-nature management system with maximum preference of natural regeneration is now considered to have gradually replaced the traditional shelterwood system in today's beech forests, similarly to Europe [4,[12][13][14][15]. In near-natural beech forests, natural regeneration appears abundantly in small-or medium-sized canopy gaps created as a result of dieback or disturbance of single trees or their groups in mature stands [16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Invasive Rhododendron ponticum L. on Natural Regeneration and Structure of Fagus orientalis Lipsky Forests in the Black Sea Region

Vacek

Eşen

et al. 2020

Forests

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Biological invasions threaten global biodiversity and forest ecosystems; therefore, it is necessary to use appropriate strategies for combating the spread of invasive species. Natural regeneration of eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is considerably limited by an aggressive invasive shrub, pontic rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L.), in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Therefore, the future character of the region’s forests is uncertain. The aim of this research was to evaluate the structure of beech forests with different management regimes of rhododedron and to determine the interaction among tree layer, rhododendron cover, and natural regeneration in Düzce Province using the FieldMap technology. The following variants of forests were compared: without intervention (control) and three and six years after rhododendron clearance. The results showed that tree density ranged between 175–381 trees ha−1 and stand volume between 331–589 m3 ha−1. The horizontal structure of the tree layer was mostly random, and the spatial pattern of natural regeneration was aggregated. Recruit density and height in the beech stands were significantly differentiated due to the influence of presence or absence of invasive rhododendron. Rhododendron cover ranged between 81%–97%, and woody stems amounted to 72,178–86,884 ha−1 in unmanaged forests. Canopy in the overstory did not have a significant effect on the density of regeneration and rhododendron cover. Tree layer had a significant negative influence on natural regeneration within a 4 m radius on the plots without rhododendron. However, on the plots with dense rhododendron cover, tree layer had a positive influence on regeneration within a 1.5 m radius. Natural regeneration density was significantly higher when rhododendron was cleared than the plots without intervention. On the plots without woody clearance, there was an insufficient regeneration (113–619 recruits ha−1); however, they had higher mean height compared to the sites without rhododendron. After three and six years of rhododendron clearance, the numbers of recruits in natural regeneration were 63,981 ha−1 and 105,075 ha−1, respectively. In conclusion, invasive spread of rhododendron was a limiting factor of the prosperous regeneration and tree species diversity, and manual clearance of rhododendron is recommended in managed beech forests of the study region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Invasive Rhododendron ponticum L. on Natural Regeneration and Structure of Fagus orientalis Lipsky Forests in the Black Sea Region

Vacek

Eşen

et al. 2020

Forests

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“…On the other hand, in Turkey, the largest forestry area, also one of the biggest wood industries, is occupied by oak wood (Quercus spp. ), which is previously studied as a raw material to produce bio-oil in the literature . First, the thermal liquefaction experiments on oak wood were performed by Ogi et al for 1 h at a chosen temperature range of 250–300 °C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), which is previously studied as a raw material to produce bio-oil in the literature. 23 First, the thermal liquefaction experiments on oak wood were performed by Ogi et al for 1 h at a chosen temperature range of 250–300 °C. They used a cosolvent, water/Z-propanol, resulting in a 10.3–56.7% bio-oil yield with an HHV range of 21.5–28 MJ/kg.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction of Oak Wood Using Various Solvents for Bio-oil Production

Öcal,

Yüksel

2023

ACS Omega

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Rapidly increasing global energy demand resulting from the growing population and worldwide development has increased the consumption of limited fossil fuel. The usage causes severe environmental deterioration by CO2 emission, which has sparked interest in finding green, renewable, and sustainable alternative sources of energy. Bio-oil, derived from several biomasses via liquefaction, is a promising candidate to replace fossil fuels. Turkey’s land (27%) is covered with forested areas (consisting of mostly oak trees). Therefore, it has great potential for cheap lignocellulosic feedstock forest residues from industrial applications and harvesting. In the present study, the thermal liquefaction of oak wood particles (OWP) was performed using various solvents in addition to water, namely, ethanol, 1-butanol, and 1,4-dioxane. The experiments were carried out in a batch reactor for 1 and 2 h residence times at different temperatures (210, 240, and 270 °C). Bio-oil samples obtained at 270 °C and a 1 h residence time determined as optimum conditions were analyzed with TGA, CHNS elemental analysis, FTIR, and GC–MS. 1,4-Dioxane showed the best performance in yielding the maximum bio-oil with 51.8% at those conditions. The higher heating values of the bio-oils ranged from 22.1 to 35 MJ/kg. Phenolic groups were the predominant components of bio-oil produced from OWP, while the intensity of alcohols, ketones, and acids varied based on used solvents. Based on energy recovery calculations, the enhancement of pristine OWP’s energy efficiency depended on bio-oil yield, and quality was confirmed for all solvent types (1,4-dioxane > 1-butanol > water > ethanol).

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“…Until recently, forests have been predominantly the source of wood production, however, now, they are viewed as a source of non-wood forest products and provider of ecological and sociocultural services. In line with these developments, Turkey has changed its classical forest management planning model and implemented a functional ecosystem-based planning approach [1]. Modern harvest planning is needed not only to ensure that a plan of action provided to foresters is efficient from an economic perspective, but also that it recognizes as many of the quantifiable management issues as possible to best represent a model of the management environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Mixed Integer Goal Programming in Final Yield Harvest Planning: A Case Study from the Mediterranean Region of Turkey

Demirci

Yeşil

Bettinger

2020

Forests

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A mixed integer goal programming model is developed to address the regeneration planning problems of even-aged forests in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. The unique aspect of the goal programming formulation is to minimize deviations in scheduled wood product volumes and the size of harvest areas within each time period, as these are important goals for the management area. About 98% of the forests in Turkey are considered even-aged, and 2% are uneven-aged. Therefore, an age class method is used for the planning of even-aged forests. For the areas where this method is applied, reaching the optimal age class structure is the first priority. This involves implementing final harvests (clearcuts) to regenerate an amount of forest area into each age class. To meet the local market’s needs, forest enterprises also require the final yield to be fairly equal each year. Further, it is desired that the harvest area (regeneration area) is relatively equal each year, to address operational considerations. A linear goal programming model is developed to address the problem. The minimization of deviations from both the harvest area and harvest volume targets are incorporated as goals in the objective function of the model. Several scenarios are solved using the extended version of Lingo 16. A scenario with weights of 0.8 for area and 0.2 for volume produces the best results. Here, the total deviation for 20 years is 3.8 ha in area and 2889 m3 in volume. In the actual regeneration plan, the area deviation for 10 years is 54.72 ha (6.2% of total regeneration area), and the volume deviation is 20,472 m3 (9.8% of harvest volume). The model described through this study can be developed further and integrated into forest management planning software and processes used for the planning of even-aged forests in the Mediterranean region.

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Evolution of Modern Forest Management Planning in the Republic of Turkey

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Effect of Invasive Rhododendron ponticum L. on Natural Regeneration and Structure of Fagus orientalis Lipsky Forests in the Black Sea Region

Effect of Invasive Rhododendron ponticum L. on Natural Regeneration and Structure of Fagus orientalis Lipsky Forests in the Black Sea Region

Liquefaction of Oak Wood Using Various Solvents for Bio-oil Production

Using Mixed Integer Goal Programming in Final Yield Harvest Planning: A Case Study from the Mediterranean Region of Turkey

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