Evolution of Parthenogenetic Insects

Suomalainen, Esko; Saura, Anssi; Lokki, Juhani

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_5

Cited by 150 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Theoretical studies have shown that diploid clones are expected to accumulate heterozygosity at every locus over time (29)(30)(31)(32)(33). Clonal diploids should therefore exhibit negative F IS values (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme inbreeding in Leishmania braziliensis

Rougeron

Meeûs

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et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

135

151

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Leishmania species of the subgenus Viannia and especially Leishmania braziliensis are responsible for a large proportion of New World leishmaniasis cases. The reproductive mode of Leishmania species has often been assumed to be predominantly clonal, but remains unsettled. We have investigated the genetic polymorphism at 12 microsatellite loci on 124 human strains of Leishmania braziliensis from 2 countries, Peru and Bolivia. There is substantial genetic diversity, with an average of 12.4 ؎ 4.4 alleles per locus. There is linkage disequilibrium at a genome-wide scale, as well as a substantial heterozygote deficit (more than 50% the expected value from Hardy؊Weinberg equilibrium), which indicates high levels of inbreeding. These observations are inconsistent with a strictly clonal model of reproduction, which implies excess heterozygosity. Moreover, there is large genetic heterogeneity between populations within countries (Wahlund effect), which evinces a strong population structure at a microgeographic scale. Our findings are compatible with the existence of population foci at a microgeographic scale, where clonality alternates with sexuality of an endogamic nature, with possible occasional recombination events between individuals of different genotypes. These findings provide key clues on the ecology and transmission patterns of Leishmania parasites.clonality ͉ microsatellites ͉ population genetics ͉ endogamyl ͉ heterozygote defiency

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme inbreeding in Leishmania braziliensis

Rougeron

Meeûs

Hide

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

135

151

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“…The occurrence of this variation is in itself interesting as it attests to the potential of C. novaezelandiae clones to accumulate genetic variation that is independent of any sexual or psuedo-sexual process. Mutational divergence of clones has been reported for a variety of clonal organisms (Suomalainen et a!., 1976;Whitham & Slobodchikoff, 1981;Stoddart, 1983a;Hughes, 1989). Such divergence can be of adaptive significance (Whitman & Sbbodchikoff, 1981;Hughes, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in the mode of reproduction among individuals of the ostracod Candonocypris novaezelandiae

Chaplin

1992

Heredity

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This study describes the results of laboratory breeding experiments designed to determine the mode of reproduction of female Candonocypris novaezelandiae from populations with and without males. Two morphological forms of this species were studied: a large-green and small-brown morph. Large-green females from populations without large-green males invariably generated genotypically identical daughters by parthenogenesis, regardless of the presence or absence of males in the laboratory cultures. In contrast large-green females from a population that included large-green males, when they had the opportunity for fertilization, usually produced genotypically diverse offspring of both sexes. These females were probably sexually reproducing. Unmated females from the mixed-sex population did not reproduce. The small-brown morph was collected from a single water body in which it was represented by both sexes and co-occurred with large-green parthenogenetic females. Most of the small-brown females tested reproduced sexually in the presence of males or did not reproduce in the absence of males. One small-brown unmated female, however, reproduced by parthenogenesis. Available evidence indicates that the field population of the small-brown morph includes both sexual and parthenogenetic females and that the relative abundance of the parthenogenetic females is increasing with time. The sexual and asexual forms within and between morphs are probably independent.

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“…Our results clearly show that the large morphotype is triploid and the small morphotype is diploid. Polyploidy has been reported in many animal taxa, including Daphniu (Beaton and Hebert, 1988) Arfemia (Barigozzi, 1974), insects (Suomalainen et al, 1987) amphibians (Bogart, 1980) and reptiles (Bickham, 1984). It plays an important role in enabling some populations to occupy habitats (either spatially or temporally) which are beyond the limits of their diploid progenitors (Levin, 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, polyploid populations have been reported to be larger than conspecific diploid populations of weevils (Suomalainen et al, 1987). Size differences between allopatric populations may reflect environmental differences to which the populations were adapted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%