Evolution of rural settlement in an inland nonmetropolitan region of China at a time of rapid urbanisation: The case of Gongyi

At the intersection of urbanisation and counterurbanisation in rural space: Microurbanisation in Northern Iceland

“…In many developing countries, the growth of micropolitan centers in rural regions has been contributed to 'urbanisation from below' or 'in situ urbanisation' (Li et al, 2020) where natural fertility enables population growth despite strong flows of out-migration and even stronger population growth in metropolitan areas (Crankshaw and Borel-Saladin, 2019;Fox, 2017;Jedwab et al, 2017). Many developed countries, in contrast, suffer from natural population decline and, as Argent et al (2008) have pointed out, growing regional centres in declining rural areas are frequently portrayed as 'sponges' that soak up the population of the surrounding areas.…”

“…Larger towns and smaller cities, or micropolitan centers, may contribute to the retention of rural populations by providing local alternatives to out-migration, as well as replenishing the regional population by attracting counterurban migrants from larger cities seeking a balance between urban and rural amenities (e.g. Brown et al, 2004;Carson et al, 2018;Chai and Seto, 2019;Gkartzios et al, 2017;Li et al, 2020;Vias 2012). From the perspective of regional development, however, it is unclear to what extent micropolitan centers support rural regions as drivers of regional growth or undermine them by drawing people, jobs and services out of the rural hinterlands (Argent et al, 2008;Carson and Carson 2021;Copus 2018;Partridge et al, 2007).…”

“…However, as Ravenstein (1885) also noted, "… with each main stream or current of migrants there runs a counter-current, … strong in some cases, weak in others, and literally compensatory in a few instances " (p. 187). The massive contemporary literature on counterurbanisation has explored in detail the processes, patterns and motivations of such movement down the urban hierarchy (Halfacree 2008;Mitchell, 2004Mitchell, , 2019, lateral and 'messy' patterns of migration in rural areas (Stockdale, 2016), and 'how well the counterurbanisation story travels' from its English origins to other countries, such as Norway (Grimsrud, 2011), Sweden (Eimermann et al, 2012), the Czech Republic (Šimon, 2014), Greece (Gkartzios et al, 2017), and beyond Europe to, for example, China (Li et al, 2020), Zambia (Crankshaw and Borel-Saladin, 2019) and South Africa (Geyer and Geyer, 2017).…”

“…Beyond the immediate gravitational spheres of larger cities, endogenous population growth has in many cases contributed to the growth of urban centers in rural regions (Crankshaw and Borel-Saladin, 2019;Fox, 2017;Jedwab et al, 2017) in a process alternatively referred to as 'rural urbanisation', 'urbanisation from below' or 'in situ urbanisation' (Li et al, 2020). However, the importance of natural fertility for population growth notwithstanding, urban centers in rural regions often become magnets for both rural-to-urban migrants seeking more urban amenities and metropolitan urban-to-rural migrants seeking more rural amenities (Brown et al, 2004;Carson and Carson, 2021;Elliot and Perry, 1996;Gkartzios et al, 2017;Vias, 2012).…”

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“…Ученые (Shmidt et al, 2016;Li et al, 2020;Zidong, Xintao, 2021) обосновали, что крупные города должны выступать инновационными центрами по отношению к территории, на которую распространяется их политико-административное, культурное и экономическое влияние. Транспортно-коммуникационной базой опорного каркаса являются «полимагистрали»коридоры инфраструктур, экономические оси, вдоль которых формируются полосы концентрации населения и хозяйства.…”