Evolution of SARS Coronavirus and the Relevance of Modern Molecular Epidemiology

Z, Shi; Wang, Lin‐Fa

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384890-1.00027-3

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…In the 2002-2003 SARS-CoV outbreak, the first patients were identified as clients of a restaurant in Shenzhen (Guangdong province) where meat of wild animals was proposed to consumers. The southern regions of China have a dietary tradition favouring freshly slaughtered game meat, which implies a huge trafficking industry dedicated to live animal trading in specialized markets, called wet markets (Shi and Wang 2011). Various wild animals of Shenzhen market were tested, and a virus identical at 99.8% to the SARS-CoV was isolated in the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata, Viverridae) (Guan et al 2003).…”

Section: Horseshoe Bats Are the Reservoir Of All Sarbecovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covid-19: natural or anthropic origin?

2020

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AbstractViruses similar to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been discovered in bats of the genus Rhinolophus and in the Sunda pangolin, Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822, suggesting that these animals have played a key role in the emergence of the Covid-19 outbreak in the city of Wuhan, China. In this paper, we review the available data for sarbecoviruses (viruses related to SARS-CoV [2002–2003 outbreak] and SARS-CoV-2) to propose all possible hypotheses on the origin of Covid-19, i. e., involving direct transmission from horseshoe bats to humans, indirect transmission via the pangolin or another animal, with interspecies contamination between either wild animals or animals kept in cage. Present evidence indicates that Rhinolophus bats are the natural reservoir of all sarbecoviruses, and that two divergent SARS-CoV-2-like viruses have circulated in southern China (at least in Guangxi and Guangdong provinces) between August 2017 and March 2019 in captive pangolins destined for sale in wildlife markets. We performed a genetic analysis of seven seized pangolins found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2-like virus using mitochondrial DNA sequences extracted from Sequence Reads Archive data. The results reveal that the same SARS-CoV-2-like virus can be found in animals with distinct haplotypes, which means that they were probably captured in different Southeast Asian regions. Our interpretation is that some pangolins were contaminated in captivity (by other pangolins or by another species to be determined), suggesting that illegal trade of living wild mammals is at the origin of the Covid-19 outbreak. To definitely validate this hypothesis, it is however necessary to discover a virus almost identical to SARS CoV-2 (at least 99% of identity) in animals sold in wet markets. Although pangolins are good candidates, other mammals, such as small carnivores, should not be overlooked.

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Section: Horseshoe Bats Are the Reservoir Of All Sarbecovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covid-19: natural or anthropic origin?

2020

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“…Although there are several reports on the evolutionary and outbreak trends of SARS-CoV-2 (Acter et al, 2020; Holmes and Rambaut, 2004; Luk et al, 2019; Shi and Wang, 2011), there are no reports so far describing the comparative molecular basis of the evolution, overtly for the spike protein CTDs with respect to the immediate and similar candidates such as Bat-CoV, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. To establish and understand the molecular basis of infection for this pandemic strain along with other related coronaviruses are of utmost importance in the areas of-a) developing intervention, b) predicting the next strain in the course of evolution and c) develop an understanding of the changes in the virulence of the pandemic strains by analyzing the mutations observed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular basis of the logical evolution of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: A comparative analysis

Dwivedy

Murmu

Ahmad

et al. 2020

Preprint

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A novel disease, COVID-19, is sweeping the world since end of 2019. While in many countries, the first wave is over, but the pandemic is going through its next phase with a significantly higher infectability. COVID-19 is caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that seems to be more infectious than any other previous human coronaviruses. To understand any unique traits of the virus that facilitate its entry into the host, we compared the published structures of the viral spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with other known coronaviruses to determine the possible evolutionary pathway leading to the higher infectivity. The current report presents unique information regarding the amino acid residues that were a) conserved to maintain the binding with ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), and b) substituted to confer an enhanced binding affinity and conformational flexibility to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The present study provides novel insights into the evolutionary nature and molecular basis of higher infectability and perhaps the virulence of SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Immune System Deception By Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Similarly, in 2002-2003 the first relevant pandemic by a coronavirus causing respiratory pathology, was able to spread over 26 countries with 8096 human cases and 774 deaths [59]. A similar respiratory epidemic emerged again in 2012 spreading over 25 countries [59]. These pandemics have been followed by the present COVID-19 pandemic, which has so far caused more than 170,000,000 cases and more than 3,000,000 fatal outcomes.…”

Section: Immune System Deception By Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 98%

SARS-CoV-2: Some Aspects of Molecular Evolution, Cellular Pathogenesis, and Immune System Mechanism Elusion

et al. 2021

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The purpose of this review is to address some of the latest aspects regarding molecular features, pathogenic mechanisms, and immune system response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), based on recent publications in this field from March 2020 to May 2021. Interpretation keys for periodic re-emergence of coronavirus infections and other lethal viral pandemics are suggested. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and other potential mechanisms of immune system deception are put forward. Therefore, vaccine development must take into account ADE and other unwanted side effects of immune-based medical intervention. Features reported in our review will allow both clinicians and basic science researchers to take home ideas to improve their knowledge about SARS-CoV-2.

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Evolution of SARS Coronavirus and the Relevance of Modern Molecular Epidemiology

Cited by 6 publications

References 65 publications

Covid-19: natural or anthropic origin?

Covid-19: natural or anthropic origin?

Molecular basis of the logical evolution of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: A comparative analysis

SARS-CoV-2: Some Aspects of Molecular Evolution, Cellular Pathogenesis, and Immune System Mechanism Elusion

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