Evolution of Species Diversity in Land Communities

Whittaker, R. H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6953-4_1

Cited by 487 publications

(544 citation statements)

References 224 publications

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“…Relative values were summed to provide an "importance value" which identifies species dominance. Relative importance values were used to calculate a Shannon-Wiener diversity index (Krebs 1999), which assesses proportional equivalence of a plant species and heterogeneity in a plant community (Whittaker 1977, Krebs 1999. A three-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of topsoil depth, mulch type, and N fertilizer treatments on vegetation canopy cover, aboveground biomass, species diversity, and species richness.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Plant Community Responses to Topsoil Replacement Depth on Reclaimed Mined Land

Bowen¹,

Olson²,

Schuman³

et al. 2002

JASMR

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Abstract:The use of topsoil on reclaimed mine lands may enhance plant community development and influence reclamation success. This study assessed the long-term (after 24 years) effects of different topsoil replacement depths (0, 200, 400, and 600 mm) on plant community cover, production, and diversity at a research site established in 1977 in south-central Wyoming. Plant species richness (number of species), canopy cover, aboveground biomass, and diversity were evaluated at the four topsoil depths in 2001. Plants were clipped, by species, to obtain mean biomass and to calculate importance values. Shannon-Weiner diversity indices were calculated for each topsoil depth. Species richness was highest (7.5) at the zero topsoil depth and lowest (5.6) at the 600 mm topsoil depth. Total canopy cover was greatest (average 26.7%) at 400 and 600 mm of topsoil and least (21.5%) at the zero topsoil depth. Seeded species canopy cover and seeded species biomass were also greatest at the 400 mm topsoil depth. Total biomass was similar for the 400 (734 kg/ha) and 600 mm (727 kg/ha) topsoil depths and lower but similar at the 200 mm depth (506 kg/ha) and 0 mm depth (513 kg/ha). Plant species richness and diversity index were highest at 0 mm (7.5 and 2.36, respectively) and lowest at 600 mm (5.6 and 1.87, respectively) of topsoil. Number of species and diversity decreased as topsoil depth increased. Increased plant biomass at the 400 and 600 mm depths and increased diversity at the 0 and 200 mm topsoil depths, indicate that variable replacement depths of topsoil can enhance reclamation success through greater species diversity and by creating a greater mosaic of vegetation. However, the reduced cover observed at these shallower topsoil depths may not be adequate to protect the soil from erosion.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Plant Community Responses to Topsoil Replacement Depth on Reclaimed Mined Land

Bowen¹,

Olson²,

Schuman³

et al. 2002

JASMR

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“…Diagramas de dominância (Whittaker 1965) foram feitos ordenando as espécies, das mais comuns para as mais raras. As abundâncias das espécies foram transformadas utilizando log10(n+1) (Magurran 2004).…”

Section: Análise De Dadosunclassified

Influência da distância geográfica na riqueza e composição de espécies arbóreas em uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa na Amazônia Oriental

2013

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ResumoDuas teorias em ecologia explicam a distribuição de espécies em florestas tropicais: a Teoria Neutra e a Teoria do Nicho. Na primeira a distribuição de espécies está relacionada a processos como dispersão, enquanto a segunda prediz que é devido às interações competitivas entre as espécies. Estudos demonstram que a similaridade de espécies de uma comunidade vegetal diminui com a distância geográfica nas regiões tropicais. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar se a distância influencia nos padrões de riqueza e composição de espécies de árvores dentro e entre seis platôs em uma floresta ombrófila densa na Floresta Nacional Sacará-Taquera, Pará, Brasil. Esses platôs são explorados para a extração da bauxita, onde a cobertura florestal é totalmente removida. O número de parcelas (10 × 250 m) analisadas nesse estudo, em cada platô variou de 18 a 22. Houve uma correlação negativa da similaridade de espécies em relação à distância, tanto dentro como entre os platôs. Não houve correlação da riqueza de espécies em relação à distância, dentro e entre os platôs, com exceção do platô Aramã. Os resultados desse estudo corroboram a Teoria Neutra e têm grandes implicações para a conservação. Palavras-chave: complementaridade, Floresta tropical, Platô, Teoria Neutra, Teoria do Nicho. AbstractTwo theories in ecology explain species distribution in tropical forests: the Neutral Theory and Niche Theory. The first predicts the species distribution is related to processes such as dispersion, and the second predicts that species distribution is related to competitive interactions between species. Studies have shown that the species similarity in a plant community decreases according to the geographical distance in the tropics. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the distance on tree species richness and composition within and among six plateaus in a tropical rain forest at the Sacará-Taquera National Forest, Pará, Brazil. These plateaus are exploited for the bauxite extraction where the forest cover is completely removed. In this study, the number of plots used in each plateau ranged from 18 to 22. There was a negative correlation of the species similarity to the distance, whithin and among the plateaus. There was no correlation of species richness to distance (whithin and among the plateaus), except for the plateau Aramã. The results of this study support the Neutral Theory and have important implications for the conservation as well.

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“…• Riqueza: Refere-se à abundância numérica de uma determinada família em uma comunidade e pode ser calculada pelo índice de Menhinick (Whittaker, 1977): …”

Section: Análise Faunísticaunclassified

Composição da entomofauna da Floresta Nacional do Araripe em diferentes vegetações e estações do ano

Azevedo

Moura

Arrais³

et al. 2011

Rev. Ceres

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Composition of entomofauna on the Araripe National Forest in different vegetation types and year seasonsThe occurrence of insects has great ecological significance and is related to environmental factors, food availability, and refuge. We assess the composition of the entomofauna in different vegetation types (cerrado, carrasco and humid forest), and seasons in the Araripe National Forest, Crato-CE, by weekly collections made in the dry season (September to December) and in the rainy season (April to July), through McPhail, pitfall and yellow tray traps. Many Coleoptera occur in the dry season, acting as pollinators, phytophagous, detritivore and decomposers of organic matter in the rainy season. Already, the Diptera is abundant in the rainy season, when fruit flies are found, decomposing animal carcasses, organic matter and predators. The Calliphoridae family predominate in the Cerrado, the Tachinidae in the Carrasco and Tephritidae in the Humid Forest. The Orthoptera Gryllidae predominate in the Humid Forest and the Hymenoptera Formicidae in the Carrasco and Cerrado in the dry season. Therefore, there is a satisfactory balance in the structure and functioning of the Araripe National Forest as each group plays an important ecological role on the vegetation, in the different seasons of the year. Composição da entomofauna da Floresta Nacional do Araripe em diferentes vegetações e estações do anoA ocorrência de insetos tem grande significado ecológico e está relacionada com os fatores ambientais, disponibilidade de alimento e abrigo. Para avaliar a composição da entomofauna, em diferentes tipos de vegetação (Cerrado, Carrasco e Mata Úmida) e estações do ano na Floresta Nacional do Araripe, Crato, Ceará, nordeste brasileiro, foram realizadas coletas semanais na estação seca (setembro a dezembro) e chuvosa (abril a julho), por meio de armadilhas McPhail, de solo e bandejas amarelas. Os insetos da ordem Coleoptera são numerosos, na estação seca, agindo como polinizadores, fitófagos e detritívoros, além de decompositores de matéria orgânica, na estação chuvosa. Os Diptera são numerosos na estação chuvosa, quando são encontradas moscas frugívoras, decompositoras de carcaças de animais, de matéria orgânica e predadoras; os da família Calliphoridae predominam no Cerrado; da família Tachinidae, no Carrasco, e da Tephritidae, na Mata Úmida. Os Orthoptera Gryllidae predominam na Mata Úmida e os Hymenoptera Formicidae, no Carrasco e Cerrado na estação seca. Portanto, cada grupo de insetos desempenha um papel ecológico sobre as vegetações, nas diferentes estações do ano.Palavras-chave: biodiversidade, indicadores ecológicos, ecossistemas, insetos florestais.

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Evolution of Species Diversity in Land Communities

Cited by 487 publications

References 224 publications

Long-Term Plant Community Responses to Topsoil Replacement Depth on Reclaimed Mined Land

Long-Term Plant Community Responses to Topsoil Replacement Depth on Reclaimed Mined Land

Influência da distância geográfica na riqueza e composição de espécies arbóreas em uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa na Amazônia Oriental

Composição da entomofauna da Floresta Nacional do Araripe em diferentes vegetações e estações do ano

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