Evolution of the Insulin Gene: Changes in Gene Number, Sequence, and Processing

Irwin, David M.

doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.649255

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 54 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Directs formation of β and δ cells. Acts as a transcriptional repressor, being especially effective for ghrelin expression and pax6-mediated glucagon expression [120][121][122][123][124] ins (insulin) Provides instructions for producing the insulin hormone [125] mafa (v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein A)…”

Section: Pax4 (Paired Box Gene 4)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stem cells differentiation into insulin-producing cells (IPCs): recent advances and current challenges

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a chronic disease characterized by an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-pancreatic cells. Although many advances have been achieved in T1D treatment, current therapy strategies are often unable to maintain perfect control of glycemic levels. Several studies are searching for new and improved methodologies for expansion of β-cell cultures in vitro to increase the supply of these cells for pancreatic islets replacement therapy. A promising approach consists of differentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) in sufficient number and functional status to be transplanted. Differentiation protocols have been designed using consecutive cytokines or signaling modulator treatments, at specific dosages, to activate or inhibit the main signaling pathways that control the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into pancreatic β-cells. Here, we provide an overview of the current approaches and achievements in obtaining stem cell-derived β-cells and the numerous challenges, which still need to be overcome to achieve this goal. Clinical translation of stem cells-derived β-cells for efficient maintenance of long-term euglycemia remains a major issue. Therefore, research efforts have been directed to the final steps of in vitro differentiation, aiming at production of functional and mature β-cells and integration of interdisciplinary fields to generate efficient cell therapy strategies capable of reversing the clinical outcome of T1D.

show abstract

Section: Pax4 (Paired Box Gene 4)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stem cells differentiation into insulin-producing cells (IPCs): recent advances and current challenges

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The AgosIRP10 homologous genes are conserved among four aphid species, with almost identical amino acid sequences at the C‐terminal. In contrast, the AgosIRP4 and AgosIRP5 homologous genes are conserved across aphid species at the N‐terminal, suggesting that these genes may have evolved, diverged, and duplicated from a common ancestor (Figure 2 ; Irwin, 2021 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation of insulin‐related peptides accompanying the differentiation of Aphis gossypii biotypes and their expression profiles

Jiang

Nasir

Zhao

2023

Ecology and Evolution

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Insulin signaling plays a critical role in regulating various aspects of insect biology, including development, reproduction, and the formation of wing polyphenism. This leads to differentiation among insect populations at different levels. The insulin family exhibits functional variation, resulting in diverse functional pathways. Aphis gossypii Glover, commonly known as the cotton-melon aphid, is a highly adaptable aphid species that has evolved into multiple biotypes. To understand the genetic structure of the insulin family and its evolutionary diversification and expression patterns in A.gossypii, we conducted studies using genome annotation files and RNA-sequencing data. Consequently, we identified 11 insulin receptor protein (IRP) genes in the genomes of the examined biotypes. Among these, eight AgosIRPs were dispersed across the X chromosome, while two were found in tandem on the A1 chromosome.Notably, AgosIRP2 exhibited alternative splicing, resulting in the formation of two isoforms. The AgosIRP genes displayed a high degree of conservation between Hap1 and Hap3, although some variations were observed between their genomes. For instance, a transposon was present in the coding regions of AgosIRP3 and AgosIRP9 in the Hap3 genome but not in the Hap1 genome. RNA-sequencing data revealed that four AgosIRPs were expressed ubiquitously across different morphs of A. gossypii, while others showed specific expression patterns in adult gynopara and adult males. Furthermore, the expression levels of most AgosIRPs decreased upon treatment with the pesticide acetamiprid. These findings demonstrate the evolutionary diversification of AgosIRPs between the genomes of the two biotypes and provide insights into their expression profiles across different morphs, developmental stages, and biotypes. Overall, this study contributes valuable information for investigating aphid genome evolution and the functions of insulin receptor proteins.

show abstract

“…In contrast to the majority of vertebrates, rats are exclusively equipped with two independent insulin-encoding genes, Ins1 and Ins2 . The evolutionary explanation is based on the complementary functions of two insulin-encoding regions that have enabled adaptation to different environments [ 42 ]. In other words, without the simultaneous expression of rat Ins1 and Ins2 genes, insulin could not be synthesized in rats, in contrast to humans, in which a single human INS encodes insulin.…”

Section: Melatonin Signaling Pathways In T2dmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other words, without the simultaneous expression of rat Ins1 and Ins2 genes, insulin could not be synthesized in rats, in contrast to humans, in which a single human INS encodes insulin. Despite a lack of evidence confirming the tight association between INS and Ins1 , reports have suggested that the INS and Ins2 structures are very similar, with three exons separated by two introns [ 42 ]. To confirm the similar function of INS and Ins2 , Karaca et al [ 43 ] were the first to integrate the human INS gene into Ins1/Ins2 double-knockout rats, and they found low insulin production in the transgenic groups.…”

Section: Melatonin Signaling Pathways In T2dmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of the Melatonin Receptor Pathway Linking Circadian Rhythm to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Night-shift work and sleep disorders are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and circadian rhythm disruption is intrinsically involved. Studies have identified several signaling pathways that separately link two melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) to insulin secretion and T2DM occurrence, but a comprehensive explanation of the molecular mechanism to elucidate the association between these receptors to T2DM, reasonably and precisely, has been lacking. This review thoroughly explicates the signaling system, which consists of four important pathways, linking melatonin receptors MT1 or MT2 to insulin secretion. Then, the association of the circadian rhythm with MTNR1B transcription is extensively expounded. Finally, a concrete molecular and evolutionary mechanism underlying the macroscopic association between the circadian rhythm and T2DM is established. This review provides new insights into the pathology, treatment, and prevention of T2DM.

show abstract

Evolution of the Insulin Gene: Changes in Gene Number, Sequence, and Processing

Cited by 16 publications

References 54 publications

Stem cells differentiation into insulin-producing cells (IPCs): recent advances and current challenges

Stem cells differentiation into insulin-producing cells (IPCs): recent advances and current challenges

Variation of insulin‐related peptides accompanying the differentiation of Aphis gossypii biotypes and their expression profiles

Molecular Mechanisms of the Melatonin Receptor Pathway Linking Circadian Rhythm to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About