“…They exist in many domains, such as scheduling [1,2], image processing [3][4][5][6], feature selection [7][8][9] and detection [10], path planning [11,12], feature selection [13], cyber-physical social system [14,15], texture discrimination [16], saliency detection [17], classification [18,19], object extraction [20], shape design [21], big data and large-scale optimization [22,23], multi-objective optimization [24], knapsack problem [25][26][27], fault diagnosis [28][29][30], and test-sheet composition [31]. Metaheuristic algorithms [32], a theoretical tool, are based on nature-inspired ideas, which have been extensively used to solve highly non-linear complex multi-objective optimization problems [33][34][35]. Several popular metaheuristics with a stochastic nature are compared in some studies [36][37][38] with deterministic Lipschitz methods by using operational zones.…”