Evolutionary Considerations of Neurotransmitters in Microbial, Plant, and Animal Cells

Roshchina, Victoria V.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5576-0_2

Cited by 142 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…However, the compounds that have been reported as chemoattractants (9) are primarily nutrients: serine and related amino acids, sensed by the chemoreceptor Tsr; aspartate and maltose, sensed by Tar; ribose and galactose, sensed by Trg; and dipeptides and pyrimidines, sensed by Tap. NE has been reported to be an interdomain signaling molecule (5,10,11). NE serves as an inducer of virulence and motility genes in enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and in Salmonella enterica (6,10).…”

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confidence: 99%

Chemotaxis of Escherichia coli to Norepinephrine (NE) Requires Conversion of NE to 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic Acid

et al. 2014

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Norepinephrine (NE), the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, has been reported to be a chemoattractant for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Here we show that nonpathogenic E. coli K-12 grown in the presence of 2 M NE is also attracted to NE. Growth with NE induces transcription of genes encoding the tyramine oxidase, TynA, and the aromatic aldehyde dehydrogenase, FeaB, whose respective activities can, in principle, convert NE to 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA). Our results indicate that the apparent attractant response to NE is in fact chemotaxis to DHMA, which was found to be a strong attractant for E. coli. Only strains of E. coli K-12 that produce TynA and FeaB exhibited an attractant response to NE. We demonstrate that DHMA is sensed by the serine chemoreceptor Tsr and that the chemotaxis response requires an intact serine-binding site. The threshold concentration for detection is <5 nM DHMA, and the response is inhibited at DHMA concentrations above 50 M. Cells producing a heterodimeric Tsr receptor containing only one functional serine-binding site still respond like the wild type to low concentrations of DHMA, but their response persists at higher concentrations. We propose that chemotaxis to DHMA generated from NE by bacteria that have already colonized the intestinal epithelium may recruit E. coli and other enteric bacteria that possess a Tsr-like receptor to preferred sites of infection.T he human gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors an assortment of bacteria, most of which are harmless or helpful commensals. However, infection of the GI tract by pathogenic bacteria can have devastating consequences. It has been suggested that norepinephrine (NE), the predominant neurotransmitter of the enteric sympathetic nervous system, promotes growth and virulence of enteric bacteria (1) through signaling via adrenergic receptors located either on intestinal epithelial cells (2) or in the bacteria themselves (3, 4). In particular, the bacterial quorum sensor kinase QseC has been implicated in the NE-induced expression of genes whose products are involved in adherence, motility, and pathogenesis (4, 5). However, the concentrations of NE required for effective induction of virulence genes, 50 M in one recent study (6), are higher than those that are expected to occur in the intestinal lumen (7,8). Thus, for NE to activate expression of virulence factors, bacteria would have to navigate to regions of the intestinal epithelium that have locally high concentrations of NE. An obvious candidate for directing such migration is chemotaxis.Chemotaxis in Escherichia coli is well understood at the molecular level. However, the compounds that have been reported as chemoattractants (9) are primarily nutrients: serine and related amino acids, sensed by the chemoreceptor Tsr; aspartate and maltose, sensed by Tar; ribose and galactose, sensed by Trg; and dipeptides and pyrimidines, sensed by Tap. NE has been reported to be an interdomain signaling molecule (5, 10, 11). NE serves as an inducer of v...

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confidence: 99%

Chemotaxis of Escherichia coli to Norepinephrine (NE) Requires Conversion of NE to 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic Acid

et al. 2014

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“…After 180 min of gravistimulation, wild-type seedlings bent upward at approximately 52. 4 , whereas suppression of AChE caused greatly reduced gravitropic responses; the curvature of gene-silencing plantlets was only approximately 12.8 in AChE-K D No.3 and approximately 24.9…”

Section: Shoot Gravitropism In Ache-silencing Plantsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…2,3 ACh may play a universal role as an elementary molecular agent of irritability in animal, plant and microbial cells. 4 Although plants lack a nervous system, both ACh and AChE have been widely recognized in plants. 5 The function of the plant ACh and AChE is still unclear, despite more than 30 years of research.…”

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confidence: 99%

Altered expression of acetylcholinesterase gene in rice results in enhancement or suppression of shoot gravitropism

Yamamoto

Sakamoto

Momonoki

2016

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme, exists widely in plants, although its role in plant signal transduction is still unclear. We have hypothesized that the plant AChE regulates asymmetric distribution of hormones and substrates due to gravity stimulus, based on indirect pharmacological experiments using an AChE inhibitor. As a direct evidence for this hypothesis, our recent study has shown that AChE overexpression causes an enhanced gravitropic response in rice seedlings and suggested that the function of the rice AChE relates to the promotion of shoot gravitropism in the seedlings. Here, we report that AChE suppression inhibited shoot gravitropism in rice seedlings, as supportive evidence demonstrating the role of AChE as a positive regulator of shoot gravitropic response in plants.Abbreviations: ACh, Acetylcholine; ASCh, Acetylthiocholine; AChE, Acetylcholinesterase; DTNB, 5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid; UBQ, Ubiquitin KEYWORDS Acetylcholine; acetylcholinesterase; ACh; AChE; gravitropism; rice (Oryza sativa)Acetylcholine (ACh) is well-known as the neurotransmitter in the mammalian central and peripheral cholinergic nervous systems.1 ACh has been also identified in a number of non-neuronal animal tissues and in fungi, bacteria, and plants.2,3 ACh may play a universal role as an elementary molecular agent of irritability in animal, plant and microbial cells.4 Although plants lack a nervous system, both ACh and AChE have been widely recognized in plants. 5 The function of the plant ACh and AChE is still unclear, despite more than 30 years of research. To understand those functions, we have been studying about physiological roles of plant AChE under gravitropic stimulus. Indeed plants under gravitropic stimulus showed asymmetric distribution of hormones and AChE activity. 6,7 When a plant is moved from the vertical orientation to a horizontal position, the stem shows curvature as it returns to a vertical position by response acting against gravistimulus. On the other hands, maize seedlings that were treated first with neostigmine bromide (AChE inhibitor) did not respond to the gravistimulus.7 Furthermore, after the stimulus, the AChE activity was distributed asymmetrically at the interface between the stele and the cortex of the gravistimulated maize seedlings. 6 The gravitropic bending occurs because of an asymmetric distribution of the growth hormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA). 8 We previously observed that gravistimulation leads to an asymmetric distribution of both IAA-inositol synthase and the AChE activities in maize and rice shoots. 9,10 In addition, its asymmetric distribution of both enzyme activities in maize and rice shoots was also inhibited by the treatment with neostigmine bromide.9,10 The neostigmine bromide is an AChE inhibitor having no inhibitory effect on IAA metabolism in plants. 11 These findings suggest that AChE would play an important role in the gravitropic response of plants. To directly confirm our previous reports, the functionality of pla...

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“…Unlike humans and animals, plants do not possess nervous systems of integrated neural networks. However, more findings reveal that they synthesise neurotransmitters such as dopamine, exerting specific activities probably as deterrent when interacting directly with other living organisms (Roshchina, 2010;Kulma and Szopa, 2007). In various plants such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), pepper (Piper nigrum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and onions (Allium cepa), derivatives of tyramines such as dopamine-and octopamine-conjugates of hydroxycinnamic acids are synthesised in response to infections from microorganisms, stress and wounding (Zacarés et al, 2007;Von RoepenackLahaye et al, 2003).…”

Section: Compound Identification Using Tandem Ms (Ms/ Ms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolome Analysis of Oil Palm Clone P325 of Different Planting Trials

Tahir¹

2016

JOPR

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Evolutionary Considerations of Neurotransmitters in Microbial, Plant, and Animal Cells

Cited by 142 publications

References 123 publications

Chemotaxis of Escherichia coli to Norepinephrine (NE) Requires Conversion of NE to 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic Acid

Chemotaxis of Escherichia coli to Norepinephrine (NE) Requires Conversion of NE to 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic Acid

Altered expression of acetylcholinesterase gene in rice results in enhancement or suppression of shoot gravitropism

Metabolome Analysis of Oil Palm Clone P325 of Different Planting Trials

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