Evolutionary History and Genetic Variation of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis

Ferguson, Betsy; Smith, David Glenn

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417144-2.00002-0

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…However, what is now increasingly appreciated is that cynomolgus macaques, as a species, have marked genetic diversity, depending on primary origin, with notable overlap between rhesus and cynomolgus genotypes (and phenotype) in the so-called mainland cynomolgus monkeys (Kanthaswamy et al 2008). More recently, it has become apparent that there is a greater genetic diversity between cynomolgus macaques originating from different geographic regions than between populations of cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys in some areas of mainland Asia (Kanthaswamy et al 2013;Ferguson and Smith 2015). Furthermore, dedicated breeding colonies in China, the United States and/or the European Union (EU) lead to predictable decreases in genetic diversity and increased gene concentrations within each of the individual colonies as a consequence of unavoidable restrictions of the gene pool based on the founding animals, as has been observed in the naturally sequestered Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (Kanthaswamy et al 2013;Krebs et al 2005), while separation of these captive-bred breeding colonies into smaller, isolated enclaves results in increased divergence of the genotype of the animals between the different breeding facilities, even if derived originally from the same geographic location.…”

Section: Cynomolgus Macaquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Genetics and Source of Preclinical Safety Animal Models on Study Design, Results, and Interpretation

Colman

2016

Toxicol Pathol

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It has been long established that not only the species but also the strain and supplier of rodents used in preclinical safety studies can have a significant impact on the outcome of studies due to variability in their genetic background and thus spontaneous pathologic findings. In addition, local husbandry, housing, and other environmental conditions may have effects on the development and expression of comorbidities, particularly in longer-term or chronic studies. More recently, similar effects related to the source, including genetic and environmental variability, have been recognized in cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). The increased use of cynomolgus macaques from various sources of captive-bred animals (including nonnative, U.S./European Union-based breeding facilities or colonies) can affect study design and study results and outcome. It is important to acknowledge and understand the impact of this variability on the results and interpretation of research studies. This review includes recent examples where variability of preclinical animal models (rats and monkeys) affected the postmortem observations highlighting its relevance to study design or interpretation in safety studies.

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Section: Cynomolgus Macaquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Genetics and Source of Preclinical Safety Animal Models on Study Design, Results, and Interpretation

Colman

2016

Toxicol Pathol

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“…The eastern border of Wallacea is the Lydekker line, behind which starts the Australian fauna. Many birds do not cross the Wallace line, but some animals do, such as bats and crab-eating macaques [7,8]. Searching for the precursor virus, retroviruses related to KoRV and GaLV have been described in rodents such as South East Asian mice (e.g., Mus caroli [9,10] and Mus dunni [11]), as well as in two subspecies of Melomys burtoni in Australia and Indonesia [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transspecies Transmission of Gammaretroviruses and the Origin of the Gibbon Ape Leukaemia Virus (GaLV) and the Koala Retrovirus (KoRV)

Denner

2016

Viruses

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Transspecies transmission of retroviruses is a frequent event, and the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a well-known example. The gibbon ape leukaemia virus (GaLV) and koala retrovirus (KoRV), two gammaretroviruses, are also the result of a transspecies transmission, however from a still unknown host. Related retroviruses have been found in Southeast Asian mice although the sequence similarity was limited. Viruses with a higher sequence homology were isolated from Melomys burtoni, the Australian and Indonesian grassland melomys. However, only the habitats of the koalas and the grassland melomys in Australia are overlapping, indicating that the melomys virus may not be the precursor of the GaLV. Viruses closely related to GaLV/KoRV were also detected in bats. Therefore, given the fact that the habitats of the gibbons in Thailand and the koalas in Australia are far away, and that bats are able to fly over long distances, the hypothesis that retroviruses of bats are the origin of GaLV and KoRV deserves consideration. Analysis of previous transspecies transmissions of retroviruses may help to evaluate the potential of transmission of related retroviruses in the future, e.g., that of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) during xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues or organs.

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Evolutionary History and Genetic Variation of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis

Cited by 2 publications

References 63 publications

Impact of the Genetics and Source of Preclinical Safety Animal Models on Study Design, Results, and Interpretation

Impact of the Genetics and Source of Preclinical Safety Animal Models on Study Design, Results, and Interpretation

Transspecies Transmission of Gammaretroviruses and the Origin of the Gibbon Ape Leukaemia Virus (GaLV) and the Koala Retrovirus (KoRV)

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