Evolutionary inevitability of sexual antagonism

Connallon, Tim; Clark, Andrew G.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2123

Cited by 123 publications

(208 citation statements)

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“…The basic model analyzed here is a diploid extension of the haploid, two-sex FGM model that was recently developed by Connallon and Clark (2014). Male and female phenotypes are each characterized by a vector of n trait values, with each vector representing a specific location in n-dimensional phenotypic space.…”

Section: Fgm With Two Sexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analytical results were verified using an exact simulation approach described in Connallon and Clark (2014), with adjustments for diploid inheritance. Without any loss of generality, we define the phenotypic positions of wild-type males and females, and their respective optima, so that A f = A m = {0, 0, .…”

Section: Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The angle between vectors is u sel , which potentially takes any value between zero (where directions of sex-specific selection are the same in males and females) and p (where the sexes are selected in opposite directions). The degree of correlation between male and female orientations of directional selection is r sel = cos(u sel ) (Rodgers and Nicewander 1988;Connallon and Clark 2014). Sex-specific fitness of females and males, respectively, follows a Gaussian function…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although prior theory clearly defines the parameter criteria for balancing selection by sexual antagonism (e.g., Kidwell et al 1977;Pamilo 1979;Patten and Haig 2009;Unckless and Herren 2009;Fry 2010;Patten et al 2010Patten et al , 2013Arnqvist 2011;Connallon and Clark 2012;Mullon et al 2012;Jordan and Charlesworth 2012), it remains unclear how often such conditions might be expected to arise in dioecious populations. A recent extension of Fisher's geometric model provides a theoretical framework for predicting the sex-specific distribution of mutant fitness effects (Connallon and Clark 2014), yet this theory has not addressed opportunities for balancing selection.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Our models build upon a recent extension of Fisher's geometric model (Connallon and Clark 2014) that incorporates two evolutionarily important features of dioecious species: (1) sexually dimorphic fitness landscapes, which generate sexspecific patterns of selection on phenotypes expressed by each sex, and (2) sex-by-genotype interactions (a form of geneby-environment interaction during development), in which mutations have sexually dimorphic effects on female and male phenotypes. We first extend Fisher's original scaling function by developing a mathematical expression for the standardized mutation size in a dioecious population.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Balancing Selection in Species with Separate Sexes: Insights from Fisher’s Geometric Model

2014

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How common is balancing selection, and what fraction of phenotypic variance is attributable to balanced polymorphisms? Despite decades of research, answers to these questions remain elusive. Moreover, there is no clear theoretical prediction about the frequency with which balancing selection is expected to arise within a population. Here, we use an extension of Fisher's geometric model of adaptation to predict the probability of balancing selection in a population with separate sexes, wherein polymorphism is potentially maintained by two forms of balancing selection: (1) heterozygote advantage, where heterozygous individuals at a locus have higher fitness than homozygous individuals, and (2) sexually antagonistic selection (a.k.a. intralocus sexual conflict), where the fitness of each sex is maximized by different genotypes at a locus. We show that balancing selection is common under biologically plausible conditions and that sex differences in selection or sex-by-genotype effects of mutations can each increase opportunities for balancing selection. Although heterozygote advantage and sexual antagonism represent alternative mechanisms for maintaining polymorphism, they mutually exist along a balancing selection continuum that depends on population and sex-specific parameters of selection and mutation. Sexual antagonism is the dominant mode of balancing selection across most of this continuum.O NE of the primary goals of population genetics is to evaluate how processes of mutation, selection, migration, recombination, and genetic drift account for the maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations. This "great obsession" with genetic variation (Gillespie 2004, p. 154) is reflected by a massive body of theoretical and empirical research that seeks to connect empirical patterns of population and quantitative genetic variability with the specific evolutionary processes that might account for them.Balancing selection-selection that maintains genetic variation at a locus-could potentially account for an important fraction of observed quantitative genetic variability (Dobzhansky 1955;Lewontin 1974;Charlesworth and Hughes 1999). Although relatively few unambiguous cases of balancing selection have been documented to date (see Charlesworth 2006;Hedrick 2012;Johnston et al. 2013;Leffler et al. 2013), empirical methods for detecting their population genetic signatures are highly conservative and may fail to identify many (or most) instances of balancing selection within a genome (Charlesworth 2006;Charlesworth and Charlesworth 2010). Furthermore, balanced polymorphisms may plausibly account for several empirical observations that are not easily explained by alternative models of variation maintained by recurrent mutation. For example, the high genetic variance in life history and reproductive traits (Houle 1992;Pomiankowski and Moller 1995) and the presence of intermediate-frequency alleles with large phenotypic effects (Long et al. 2000) are each potentially attributable to a subset of loci that segrega...

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Section: Fgm With Two Sexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Balancing Selection in Species with Separate Sexes: Insights from Fisher’s Geometric Model

2014

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Environmental Changes and Sexually Antagonistic Selection

Connallon

Hall

2018

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Sexually antagonistic selection (SAS) occurs when the direction of natural selection on a trait, or a combination of traits, differs between the sexes. For example, the different roles of females and males in reproduction, along with different interactions between each sex and the environment, can generate selection for larger body size in one sex and smaller body size in the other – a pattern of selection that may eventually lead to the evolution of sexual size dimorphism. SAS has been documented in several animal and plant populations and is thought to constrain adaptation and reduce population fitness. Recent research has emphasised that the intensity of SAS depends, in part, on environmental conditions of the population, which may vary over time or across each species' geographic range. Theory predicts that SAS should be more common in stable compared to changing environments. These predictions have some experimental support, though the general manner with which environmental changes affect SAS remains an open question. Key Concepts Sexually antagonistic selection arises when the direction of natural selection differs between female and male traits. Sexually antagonistic selection favours the evolution of sex differences (sexual dimorphism). Conditions of the social environment, mating environment and habitat interact to influence the pattern of selection on female and male traits, including the potential for sexually antagonistic selection. Genetic correlations between the sexes constrain the evolution of sex differences and can lead to persistent sexually antagonistic selection. Environmental change can reduce or eliminate sexually antagonistic selection.

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Network architecture and sex chromosome turnovers

2020

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Recent studies have revealed an astonishing diversity of sex chromosomes in many vertebrate lineages, prompting questions about the mechanisms of sex chromosome turnover. While there is considerable population genetic theory about the evolutionary forces promoting sex chromosome replacement, this theory has not yet been integrated with our understanding of the molecular and developmental genetics of sex determination. Here, we review recent data to examine four questions about how the structure of gene networks influences the evolution of sex determination. We argue that patterns of epistasis, arising from the structure of genetic networks, may play an important role in regulating the rates and patterns of sex chromosome replacement.

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Evolutionary inevitability of sexual antagonism

Cited by 123 publications

References 49 publications

Balancing Selection in Species with Separate Sexes: Insights from Fisher’s Geometric Model

Balancing Selection in Species with Separate Sexes: Insights from Fisher’s Geometric Model

Environmental Changes and Sexually Antagonistic Selection

Network architecture and sex chromosome turnovers

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