The traditional method of retrieving atmospheric ducts is to use the special sensor of weather balloons or rocket soundings to obtain information intelligently, and it is very expensive. Today, with the development of technology, it is very convenient to retrieve the atmospheric ducts from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) phase delay and propagation loss observation data, and then the GNSS receiver on the ground forms an automatic receiving sensor. This paper proposes a hybrid decomposition-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with adaptive neighborhood sizes (EN-MOEA/ACD-NS), which dynamically imposes some constraints on the objectives. The decomposition-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA/D) updates the solutions through neighboring objectives, the number of which affects the quality of the optimal solution. Properly constraining the optimization objectives can effectively balance the diversity and convergence of the population. The experimental results from the Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) 2009 on test instances with hypervolume (HV), inverted generational distance (IGD), and average Hausdorff distance ∆ 2 metrics show that the new method performs similarly to the evolutionary algorithm MOEA/ACD-NS, which considers only the dynamic change of the neighborhood sizes. The improved algorithm is applied to the practical problem of jointly retrieving atmospheric ducts with GNSS signals, and its performance further demonstrates its feasibility and practicability. the multi-objective optimization can make full use of multi-source observation information and can improve the reliability of the solution. The traditional method can only obtain a Pareto optimal solution that is not necessarily satisfactory to the decision-maker; the rationality of prior knowledge also affects the selection of the optimal solution. This paper proposes a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) for MOP problems in order to obtain a set of Pareto optimal solutions [5,6]. According to the optimization framework, MOEAs can be roughly divided into three categories, namely: (a) Pareto-based approaches [7], (b) indicator-based approaches [8], and (c) decomposition-based approaches [9].Pareto-based methods sort the individuals according to the dominant relationship among them, and then the optimal solution is selected. The Pareto-based approach is the most popular method in the evolutionary multi-objective optimization community. NSGA-II and SPEA2 are the most representative algorithms, and they are very effective when dealing with two or three objective functions [7,10]. However, when the number of objective functions increases to more than three, most of the solutions in the NSGA-II and SPEA2 search spaces become non-dominated solutions, resulting in a rapid decline in search capabilities.Indicator-based MOEAs use the value of performance indicators to guide the search direction, which drives whole generated solutions to the Pareto solution sets. As the calculation of the Pareto dominance relatio...