Evolutionary Medicine of Retroviruses in the Human Genome

Katsura, Yoshiteru; Asai, Satoshi

doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2019.09.007

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…HERVs are ubiquitous retroviral elements constituting up to 10% of the human genome (27), and these elements have recently been recognized as a potential biomarker in cancer (5,23,28,29). elements and malignancy has also been postulated but not yet confirmed (5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Endogenous Retroviruses Long Terminal Repeat Methylation, Transcription, and Protein Expression in Human Colon Cancer

et al. 2020

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Colon cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in both incidence and mortality in developed countries. Infectious agents are among the risk factors for colon cancer. Variations in human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) transcript and protein levels are associated with several types of cancers, but few studies address HERV expression in colon cancer. Fifty-eight patients with advanced-stage colon cancer were enrolled in this study. HERV-H,-K (HML-2),-P LTRs, Alu, and LINE-1 methylation levels and transcription of HERV-H,-K (HML-2), and-P env and HERV-K pol genes in normal adjacent and tumor tissues were investigated by pyrosequencing and RT-qPCR, respectively. Expression of the HERV-K (HML-2) Pol and Env proteins in selected tissues was examined by Western blotting. Associations between HERV transcript expression and methylation levels and between clinical characteristics and HERV expression were evaluated. Compared to adjacent normal tissues, LINE-1 was hypomethylated in tumor tissues (p < 0.05), whereas Alu, HERV-K (HML-2), and-H LTRs showed a decreasing trend in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue, though without a significant difference. The transcription levels of HERV env and pol genes were similar. However, the HERV-K (HML-2) Pol protein was more highly expressed (p < 0.01) in surrounding normal tissues, but the HERV-K (HML-2) Env protein was only expressed in tumor tissues. Although HERV LTR methylation and gene expression did not show significant differences between tumor and normal tissues, HERV protein expression differed greatly. Pol protein expression in normal cells may induce reverse transcription and subsequent integration into the host genome, likely favoring cell transformation; in contrast, the Env protein in tumor tissue may contribute to cancer progression through cell-to-cell fusion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Endogenous Retroviruses Long Terminal Repeat Methylation, Transcription, and Protein Expression in Human Colon Cancer

et al. 2020

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“…Our co-evolution with our microbial and viral environments has, in some cases, transitioned beyond mere symbiosis to unity. Examples include the evolution of the eukaryotic cell with the origin of mitochondria, and the striking observation that between 5–8% of the human genome derives from viral sequences similar to infectious retroviruses [ 104 ]. However, our relationship with our gut microbiota remains symbiotic, with a key role for the brain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Influences on the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Barber

Valsamakis

Mastorakos

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Over unimaginable expanses of evolutionary time, our gut microbiota have co-evolved with us, creating a symbiotic relationship in which each is utterly dependent upon the other. Far from confined to the recesses of the alimentary tract, our gut microbiota engage in complex and bi-directional communication with their host, which have far-reaching implications for overall health, wellbeing and normal physiological functioning. Amongst such communication streams, the microbiota–gut–brain axis predominates. Numerous complex mechanisms involve direct effects of the microbiota, or indirect effects through the release and absorption of the metabolic by-products of the gut microbiota. Proposed mechanisms implicate mitochondrial function, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, and autonomic, neuro-humeral, entero-endocrine and immunomodulatory pathways. Furthermore, dietary composition influences the relative abundance of gut microbiota species. Recent human-based data reveal that dietary effects on the gut microbiota can occur rapidly, and that our gut microbiota reflect our diet at any given time, although much inter-individual variation pertains. Although most studies on the effects of dietary macronutrients on the gut microbiota report on associations with relative changes in the abundance of particular species of bacteria, in broad terms, our modern-day animal-based Westernized diets are relatively high in fats and proteins and impoverished in fibres. This creates a perfect storm within the gut in which dysbiosis promotes localized inflammation, enhanced gut wall permeability, increased production of lipopolysaccharides, chronic endotoxemia and a resultant low-grade systemic inflammatory milieu, a harbinger of metabolic dysfunction and many modern-day chronic illnesses. Research should further focus on the colony effects of the gut microbiota on health and wellbeing, and dysbiotic effects on pathogenic pathways. Finally, we should revise our view of the gut microbiota from that of a seething mass of microbes to one of organ-status, on which our health and wellbeing utterly depends. Future guidelines on lifestyle strategies for wellbeing should integrate advice on the optimal establishment and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota through dietary and other means. Although we are what we eat, perhaps more importantly, we are what our gut microbiota thrive on and they thrive on what we eat.

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“…Проблема инсерционного мутагенеза, обусловленного интеграцией ретровирусов в геном хозяйской клетки, широко обсуждается [174][175][176][177][178]. При этом дискуссия касается, как правило, повреждения собственно генов либо стимуляции транскрипции клеточных генов, попавших под контроль вирусных промоторов и энхансеров [177,179].…”

Section: изменение 3d генома при интеграции вирусной днк в геном хозяunclassified

Modification of Nuclear Compartments and the 3D Genome in the Course of a Viral Infection

2020

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The review addresses the question of how the structural and functional compartmentalization of the cell nucleus and the 3D organization of the cellular genome are modified during the infection of cells with various viruses. Particular attention is paid to the role of the introduced changes in the implementation of the viral strategy to evade the antiviral defense systems and provide conditions for viral replication. The discussion focuses on viruses replicating in the cell nucleus. Cytoplasmic viruses are mentioned in cases when a significant reorganization of the nuclear compartments or the 3D genome structure occurs during an infection with these viruses.

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Evolutionary Medicine of Retroviruses in the Human Genome

Cited by 18 publications

References 49 publications

Human Endogenous Retroviruses Long Terminal Repeat Methylation, Transcription, and Protein Expression in Human Colon Cancer

Human Endogenous Retroviruses Long Terminal Repeat Methylation, Transcription, and Protein Expression in Human Colon Cancer

Dietary Influences on the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Modification of Nuclear Compartments and the 3D Genome in the Course of a Viral Infection

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