We discuss Evolutionary Computation, in particular Genetic Programming, as examples of drawing inspiration from biological systems. We set the choice of evolution as a source for inspiration in context, discuss the history of Evolutionary Computation and its variants before looking more closely at Genetic Programming. After a discussion of methods and the state-of-theart, we review application areas of Genetic Programming and its strength in providing human-competitive solutions.
KeywordsBio-inspired computing, Evolutionary Computation, Genetic Algorithms, Evolution Strategies, Evolutionary Programming, Genetic Programming, Artificial Intelligence, differential evolution, machine learning, automatic programming, natural selection, breeding, population, reproduction, mutation, Bioinspiration, Biomimetics and Bioreplication 19 July 2012 2 crossover, generation, search space, human-competitive.
Bio-inspired ComputingOne of the more prominent examples of taking bio-inspiration is the application of this philosophy to the development of new ways to organize computation. Life can be paraphrased by describing it as "information processing in a body". Hence biology, the science of the living, has long been concerned with these two key aspects of life: structure and dynamics. The structure of the body, from a single-celled organism like a bacterium to extended, highly complex, multi-cellular, intelligent beings like mammals 1 , is a study object of evolutionary, developmental, and molecular biology, among others. Other branches of biology are concerned with the dynamics of behaviour of organisms, in relation to an inanimate environment as well as in relation to other organisms that often provide an important and dynamically changing part of their environment. Ultimately, behaviour requires intense processing of information, both for survival and for the benefit of an organism. Behaviour of individuals is studied in a branch of biology called ethology, the behaviour of species in their interaction with the environment is studied in ecology, while1 The spatially largest organism is a fungus, Armillaria solipides, with an extension of 8.9 km 2 , whereas the largest genome of a vertebrate is that of a fish, Protopterus aetiopicus, with a size of 130 Giga bases (as compared to the 3.2 Giga bases of
Homo sapiens).A base is one of four nucleotides in the alphabet of DNA. survival are all terms that can be related to and studied in models of bioinspired computing. Essential to these models is the idea that a distributed system of interacting entities can bring about effects that are not possible to produce by single entities or entities isolated from each other.