Evolving mineralogy of cheilostome bryozoans

Taylor, Paul D.; James, Noël P.; Bone, Yvonne; Kukliński, Piotr; Kyser, T. Kurt

doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-124r

Cited by 80 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In the case of the analyzed bryozoans, salinity is rather unimportant because our material came from a region where salinity showed little geographical variation (e.g., Karnovsky et al 2003;Walkusz et al 2009), while at the global scale of the crinoid data salinity is expected to vary more greatly. Following the study of Chave (1954), temperaturerelated variations in Mg content in skeletal carbonate have been documented in various groups, for example, molluscs (Taylor and Reid 1990) and bryozoans Taylor et al 2009). More recently, Findlay et al (2010b) showed a change in the Mg content of barnacle shells with latitude (and thus temperature), comparing temperate and Arctic representatives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Magnesium in the form of magnesium carbonate (magnesite) is a common component of many marine invertebrates producing shells and skeletons of calcite, including echinoderms, corals, molluscs and bryozoans (e.g., Lowenstam and Weiner 1989;Ries 2004;Stolarski et al 2007;Lombardi et al 2008;Ries et al 2009;Taylor et al 2009). The solubility of calcite increases with increase in mol% MgCO 3 (e.g., Morse et al 2006;Andersson et al 2009), to the extent that calcite containing a high proportion of MgCO 3 is even more soluble than aragonite (e.g., Andersson et al 2009), the other common calcium carbonate biomineral which is generally regarded as being especially prone to dissolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Patterns of magnesium content in Arctic bryozoan skeletons along a depth gradient

2012

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A growing body of evidence suggests that ocean acidification acting synergistically with ocean warming alters carbonate biomineralization in a variety of marine biota. Magnesium often substitutes for Ca in the calcite skeletons of marine invertebrates, increasing their solubility. The spatioenvironmental distribution of Mg in marine invertebrates has seldom been studied, despite its importance for assessing vulnerabilities to ocean acidification. Because pH decreases with water depth, it is predicted that levels of Mg in calcite skeletons should also decrease to counteract dissolution. Such a pattern has been suggested by evidence from echinoderms. Data on magnesium content and depth in Arctic bryozoans (52 species, 103 individuals, 150 samples) are here used to test this prediction, aided by comparison with six conceptual models explaining all possible scenarios. Analyses were based on a uniform dataset spanning more than 200 m of coastal water depth. No significant relationship was found between depth and Mg content; indeed, the highest Mg content among the analyzed taxa (8.7 % mol MgCO 3 ) was recorded from the deepest settings ([200 m). Our findings contrast with previously published results from echinoderms in which Mg was found to decrease with depth. The bryozoan results suggest that ocean acidification may have less impact on the studied bryozoans than is generally assumed. In the broad context, our study exemplifies quantitative testing of spatial patterns of skeletal geochemistry for predicting the biological effects of environmental change in the oceans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of magnesium content in Arctic bryozoan skeletons along a depth gradient

2012

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“…Carbonate skeletons of cheilostome bryozoans living in warm waters comprise calcite, aragonite or are bimineralic (with calcite overlain by aragonite), and in those employing calcite the percentage of Mg is often high (Smith et al 2006, Taylor et al 2009). On the other hand, in cold-water, cheilostome species with aragonitic and bimineralic skeletons are rare and the Mg content in the calcite is typically lower (Kuklinski & Taylor 2008, 2009Loxton et al 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

Palaeogeographical patterns in Late Ordovician bryozoan morphology as proxies for temperature

Jiménez-Sánchez¹,

Taylor²,

Gomez³

2013

Bull. Geosci.

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Several studies have revealed temperature-related patterns in recent bryozoans, both in the chemical composition of the skeleton and in the morphological characters of the colonies, but comparable studies on Palaeozoic bryozoans are lacking. In this paper a statistical analysis of the morphological differences is undertaken between congeneric species of some Ordovician bryozoans from warm-and cold-water settings. For this study ten eurythermic cosmopolitan bryozoan genera from the Upper Ordovician were selected from the Mediterranean, Avalonia, Baltic and Laurentia-Siberian provinces. These genera are: Ceramopora and Ceramoporella (Cystoporata); Diplotrypa, Eridotrypa, Hallopora, Heterotrypa, Monticulipora and Trematopora (Trepostomata); Graptodictya (Cryptostomata); and Kukersella (Cyclostomata). The study involved 154 samples belonging to 104 different species. Twenty-eight morphological characters were measured, although only 21 were used in the final statistical analysis. Univariate (t, F, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney tests), multivariate discriminant and multivariate ordination (Principal Coordinates, Principal Components, Correspondence, and Detrended Correspondence) analyses were performed on the data. For the univariate and multivariate discriminant analyses, the total set of samples was divided a priori into cold-and warm-water subsets based on palaeolatitude: samples from the Mediterranean province were attributed to the cold-water subset, whereas samples from Avalonia, Baltic and the Laurentian-Siberian provinces were included in the warm-water subset. For the multivariate ordination analysis no a priori grouping by water temperature was imposed, and the aim of these analyses was to test whether different samples were correctly arranged along a water temperature gradient. The univariate statistical analysis showed that there are clear morphological differences between cold-and warm-water species in six of the ten Late Ordovician bryozoan genera analysed in this study, although these differences are only evident for some of the characters used, and only when the analysis is performed on individual genera. The best characters to differentiate species by water temperature are those related to the size of the zooidal polymorphs, especially the diameters of the autozooecia, mesozooecia and exilazooecia. With the exception of one genus (Trematopora), cold-water species have larger zooids. The discriminant analysis was able to classify correctly as warm-or cold-water 100% of the samples for two genera, slightly below 95% for two other genera, and between 67% and 90% for the remaining six genera. Finally, the multivariate ordination analysis was able to separate species by palaeogeographical province in some genera, but these provinces were not correctly arranged along a palaeolatitudinal gradient using any of the methods used. • Key words: bryozoans, cosmopolitan genera, latitudinal adaptations, univariate and multivariate statistical analysis.

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“…Depending on the species concerned, cheilostome bryozoans are capable of constructing their skeletons using calcite, aragonite or a combination of these minerals (Smith et al 2006;Taylor et al 2009). Available taphonomic evidence suggests that aragonite first appeared in cheilostome during the latest Cretaceous, while mineralogical data show that at least four clades had independently acquired aragonitic or bimineralic skeletons by the middle Eocene (Smith et al 2006;Taylor et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcitization of aragonitic bryozoans in Cenozoic tropical carbonates from East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Martino

Taylor

Kudryavtsev

et al. 2016

Facies

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Evolving mineralogy of cheilostome bryozoans

Cited by 80 publications

References 41 publications

Patterns of magnesium content in Arctic bryozoan skeletons along a depth gradient

Patterns of magnesium content in Arctic bryozoan skeletons along a depth gradient

Palaeogeographical patterns in Late Ordovician bryozoan morphology as proxies for temperature

Calcitization of aragonitic bryozoans in Cenozoic tropical carbonates from East Kalimantan, Indonesia

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