“…For the purpose of this chapter, more important than our specific under-identification result is the consequence of failing to detect its extent via popular toolkits such as GA and SA. Indeed, GA and SA converge to local optima that suggest misleading economic decisions on: (i) the nature of the New-Keynesian Phillips Curve [NKPC], (ii) determinacy of monetary policies, 3 Recent work with focus on identification challenges among others in this context include Fuhrer and Rudebusch (2004), Mavroeidis (2004, Benati (2008), Dufour et al (2006Dufour et al ( , 2010, Nason and Smith (2008), Canova and Sala (2009), Mavroeidis (2009), Iskrev (2010), Magnusson and Mavroeidis (2010), , Cochrane (2011), , , , Andrews and Mikusheva (2014), Basturk, Cakmakli, Ceyhan and van Dijk (2014), Castelnuovo and Fanelli (2014) and the surveys by Schorfheide (2013) and . and (iii) the persistence of the Taylor rule.…”