Exact minimum and maximum of yield with a finite number of decoy light intensities

Tsurumaru, Toyohiro; Soujaeff, A.; Takeuchi, Shigeki

doi:10.1103/physreva.77.022319

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…3 bottom). The first two cases have a µ that can be considered practical to be used in protocols such as BB84 with decoy states [22,29]. As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Arxiv:150905692v2 [Quant-ph] 20 Jan 2016mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental single-photon exchange along a space link of 7000 km

et al. 2016

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Extending the single photon transmission distance is a basic requirement for the implementation of quantum communication on a global scale. In this work we report the single photon exchange from a medium Earth orbit satellite (MEO) at more than 7000 km of slant distance to the ground station at the Matera Laser Ranging Observatory. The single photon transmitter was realized by exploiting the corner cube retro-reflectors mounted on the LAGEOS-2 satellite. Long duration of data collection is possible with such altitude, up to 43 minutes in a single passage. The mean number of photons per pulse (µsat) has been limited to 1 for 200 seconds, resulting in an average detection rate of 3.0 counts/s and a signal to noise ratio of 1.5. The feasibility of single photon exchange from MEO satellites paves the way to tests of Quantum Mechanics in moving frames and to global Quantum Information.Introduction -Quantum Communications (QC) are necessary for tests on the foundation of Quantum Physics, such as Bell's inequalities violation [1][2][3], entanglement swapping [4,5] and distribution [6], and quantum teleportation [7]. Moreover, the transmission of light quanta over long distances is crucial for the realization of several Quantum Information protocols, as quantum key distribution (QKD) [8][9][10], quantum authentication [11] and quantum digital signature [12].

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“…3 bottom). The first two cases have a µ that can be considered practical to be used in protocols such as BB84 with decoy states [22,29]. As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Arxiv:150905692v2 [Quant-ph] 20 Jan 2016mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental single-photon exchange along a space link of 7000 km

et al. 2016

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“…Hwang proposed the decoy method to estimate the detection rate [7]. This method has been improved by many researchers [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. In this method, in order to estimate the detection rates, the sender randomly chooses several kinds of pulses with different intensities.…”

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confidence: 99%

Security analysis of the decoy method with the Bennett–Brassard 1984 protocol for finite key lengths

Hayashi

Nakayama

2014

New J. Phys.

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This paper provides a formula for the sacrifice bit-length for privacy amplification with the Bennett-Brassard 1984 protocol for finite key lengths, when we employ the decoy method. Using the formula, we can guarantee the security parameter for a realizable quantum key distribution system. The key generation rates with finite key lengths are numerically evaluated. The proposed method improves the existing key generation rate even in the asymptotic setting.In this paper, when Aliceʼs basis is the same as Bobʼs basis, the basis is called matched.Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.setting, there are two obstacles for security. One is the noise of the communication quantum channel. Due to the presence of the noise, the eavesdropper can obtain part of the raw keys information behind the noise. The second one is the imperfection of the photon source. If the sender sends the two-photon state instead of the single photon state, the eavesdropper can obtain one photon so that she can obtain information perfectly. Many realized QKD systems have been realized with weak coherent pulses. In this case, the photon number of transmitted pulses obeys the Poisson distribution, whose average is given by the intensity μ of the pulse. The first problem can be resolved by the application of error correction and random privacy amplification to the raw keys [2][3][4][5]. In the privacy amplification stage, we amplify the security of the raw keys by sacrificing part of our raw keys. The security of the final keys depends on the decreasing number of keys in the privacy amplification stage, which is called the sacrifice bit-length. Shor-Preskill [2] and Mayers [3] showed that this method gives the secure keys asymptotically when the rate of the sacrifice bit-length is greater than a certain amount. In order to solve the second problem, Gottesman-Lo-Lütkenhaus-Preskill (GLLP) [6] extended their result to the case when the photon source has an imperfection. However, GLLPʼs result assumes the fractions of respective photon number pulses among received pulses. Indeed, there is a possibility that the eavesdropper can control the receiverʼs detection rate depending on the photon number because pulses with the different photon number can be distinguished by the eavesdropper. In order to solve this problem, we need to estimate the detection rate of the single photon pulses. Hwang proposed the decoy method to estimate the detection rate [7]. This method has been improved by many researchers [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. In this method, in order to estimate the detection rates, the sender randomly chooses several kinds of pulses with different intensities. The first kind of pulses are the signal pulses, which generate raw keys. The other kind of pulses are the decoy pulses, which are used for estimating the operation by the eavesdropper and have a di...

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“…More specifically to the decoy state protocol configuration, this optimization results in recommend signal and decoy state MPNs of µ ∼ = 0.5 and ν ∼ = 0.1 because of implementation limitations in classical laser sources (as described in Section 2.2) [25]. Following this seminal work, many others have studied this optimization problem to more fully understand and bound the single photon estimate Q 1 , the negative impact of associated error rates e 1 and E µ , and expected fluctuations in commercially available laser sources [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. Additionally, considerations for finite key size statistics (i.e., limitations due to the number of detections) have been carefully investigated by others [28,[41][42][43].…”

Section: Parameter Description Qmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling, Simulation, and Performance Analysis of Decoy State Enabled Quantum Key Distribution Systems

et al. 2017

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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems exploit the laws of quantum mechanics to generate secure keying material for cryptographic purposes. To date, several commercially viable decoy state enabled QKD systems have been successfully demonstrated and show promise for high-security applications such as banking, government, and military environments. In this work, a detailed performance analysis of decoy state enabled QKD systems is conducted through model and simulation of several common decoy state configurations. The results of this study uniquely demonstrate that the decoy state protocol can ensure Photon Number Splitting (PNS) attacks are detected with high confidence, while maximizing the system's quantum throughput at no additional cost. Additionally, implementation security guidance is provided for QKD system developers and users.

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Exact minimum and maximum of yield with a finite number of decoy light intensities

Cited by 22 publications

References 16 publications

Experimental single-photon exchange along a space link of 7000 km

Experimental single-photon exchange along a space link of 7000 km

Security analysis of the decoy method with the Bennett–Brassard 1984 protocol for finite key lengths

Modeling, Simulation, and Performance Analysis of Decoy State Enabled Quantum Key Distribution Systems

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