Exact Optics

Abstract

The geometrical and physical models of optics describe the behavior of light in image-forming optical systems. In this chapter, we first analyze the limitations and constraints of paraxial geometrical optics and describe geometrical aberrations. Optical aberrations can be expressed in terms of wavefront aberrations due to the wave nature of light. Hence, this model provides us with figures of merit that describe the quality of optical systems in terms of their capability to produce faithful images. As a consequence, we will show how diffraction ultimately limits the performance of optical systems. We will analyze the human eye as an example to understand this model further. These formalisms can generate personalized models of the eye—if we include patient’s parameters obtained from aberrometers, corneal topography, and pachymetry—and guide the selection of intra-ocular lenses for optimum visual performance.