“…In this time period, the criticizers of the traditional network analysis methods argued that a different approach that takes into account the probability of component failure, as well as the effect of component failure on network performance, seems a more effective method (Goulter, 1987). The main contention was that the traditional methods such as Hardy Cross, Macilory Analyzer, Newton-Raphson and linear theory methods do not (2015), Howland (1934), Aldrich (1938), Mala-Jetmarova (2018), Cross (1936), Camp and Hazen (1934), Mcilroy (1950), Shamir and Howard (1968), Spiliotis and Tsakiris (2010), Sarbu (2014), Goulter (1987), Gupta and Bhave (1994), Zarghami et al (2020), Bao and Mays (1990), Gupta and Bhave (1996) The reliability analysis of WDNs consider the nodal flows under deficient conditions, and as such, the partially failed WDNs cannot be realistically analyzed (Gupta and Bhave, 1994). Therefore, the design of WDNs was directed to issues related to reliability concern that evaluates the ability of these networks to provide continuity of operation (Zarghami et al, 2020).…”