Exact second order formalism for the study of electro-acoustic properties in piezoelectric structures under an initial mechanical stress

Modelling of hysteretic behaviour of piezoceramic materials under external electrical and mechanical stress

“…The presence of high mechanical or electrical stress in piezoceramic materials induces non-linear hysteretic behaviours that significantly modify the piezoelectric characteristics through a shift of material properties from their stress free values. 1,2 Non-linear ferroelectricity may be characterised by four typical hysteretic loops: the dielectric (electric displacement versus electric field), the butterfly (strain versus electric field) and two ferroelastic curves (stress versus strain and stress versus electric displacement). For many authors, 3 these phenomena have the same microscopic interpretation: the domain switching process.…”

“…They may operate under various environmental conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, external electrical dc fields or residual prestress. The presence of high mechanical or electrical stress in piezoceramic materials induces non-linear hysteretic behaviours that significantly modify the piezoelectric characteristics through a shift of material properties from their stress free values 1,2…”