“…In Western research, similar trends have been obtained in medical education, although a strategic approach is more strongly related to academic performance than is a deep approach (for reviews, see Feeley & Biggerstaff, 2015;Ferguson, James, & Madeley, 2002). Undergraduate medical students endorse a deep approach and a strategic approach more than a surface approach, although both a deep approach and a strategic approach may be more common among postgraduate medical trainees and practising physicians (Cebeci, Dane, Kaya, & Yigitoglu, 2013;Newble & Hejka, 1991;Samarakoon, Fernando, Rodrigo, & Rajapakse, 2013).…”