Examination of Mechanisms for Odor Compound Generation During Lime Stabilization

Kim, Hyunook; Murthy, Sudhir; Peot, Chris; Ramirez, Mark; Strawn, Mary; McConnell, Laura L.

doi:10.2175/193864701790903058

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…2(a)). [9] Odor Evaluation Results from the odor evaluation panelists showed a high level of variability over the entire study period but with a general trend of high initial odor followed by a relatively constant level for all treatments (Fig. This result is logical, since Bioxide is mainly made of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 and should not affect the TMA concentration.…”

Section: Analysis Of Odorants With Spme Coupled With Gc-msmentioning

confidence: 90%

Characterization of Odors from Limed Biosolids Treated with Nitrate and Anthraquinone

Kim

McConnell

Ramirez

et al. 2005

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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Complaints from the public due to odor emissions are one of the biggest problems associated with any biosolids land application program. Chemical additives to reduce or mask odors are one option for producers; however, many chemicals are too expensive or are too unstable to use safely. This project provides a preliminary evaluation of nitrate or nitrate + anthraquinone as additives in controlling odors from limed biosolids. Over a twenty-four day period, odors were measured in the headspace over several treatment levels using two different chemical analysis tools along with olfactometric evaluation of odor intensity and hedonic tone. On six days during the sample period, hydrogen sulfide was measured using a Jerome 631X, a sensor that also responds to other reduce sulfur gases. Other specific sulfides, amines, and mercaptans were also determined using solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A simple sniff test approach was used with six panelists on five days during the project. The chemical analysis results revealed that the addition of nitrate and especially nitrate + anthraquinone was effective in reducing concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan when compared to untreated limed biosolids. However, the olfactometric results did not reveal any significant differences between treatments. The panelists also found that all treatments exhibited a fishy or ammonical character, indicative of amines, or ammonia. More advance olfactometric analysis utilizing dilution techniques might have been able to distinguish between treatments, but it is likely that amines were the dominant odorant released from all treatments. This preliminary project suggests that chemical addition of nitrate or nitrate + anthraquinone would be most effective in controlling odors from unlimed biosolids such as anaerobically digested materials.

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Section: Analysis Of Odorants With Spme Coupled With Gc-msmentioning

confidence: 90%

Characterization of Odors from Limed Biosolids Treated with Nitrate and Anthraquinone

Kim

McConnell

Ramirez

et al. 2005

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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“…Major odorous protein degradation byproducts include volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) Novak et al, 2006), methyl amines (Kim et al, 2003), and volatile aromatic compounds . Major odorous protein degradation byproducts include volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) Novak et al, 2006), methyl amines (Kim et al, 2003), and volatile aromatic compounds .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WERF Odor Study Phase III: Effect of Alum Addition on Odorant Production from Anaerobically Digested Biosolids

Chen¹,

Adams²,

Erdal³

et al. 2007

proc water environ fed

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In recent years, extensive research has been performed to verify and identify offensive odor gases of their production mechanisms during biosolids cake storage prior to land application. It was identified that volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) including methanethiol (MT), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) contribute to the offensive odor. The formation of VOSCs was linked to microbial degradation of biomolecules, specifically residual proteins, thus mitigation measures were recommended to reduce the bioavailable portion of proteins in biosolids. In this research, alum (aluminum sulfate) was used as a potential binder to reduce accessibility of soluble proteins in biosolids, thus prevent them from biodegradation. Both laboratory trials and field trials were performed to verify the potential of alum on biosolids odor reduction. The laboratory trial results indicated that alum can effectively reduce biosolids odor, and up to 100% removal of total VOSCs (TVOSCs) was observed at high doses of alum. In a field trial, although not 100% removal, up to 55% peak TVOSCs reduction was observed. In addition, alum also reduced polymer demand required to achieve optimum polymer dose for dewatering which could offset alum costs.

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“…3 However, the release of nitrogen-based odorants has been reported as a major odor problem at elevated pHs. 3,4 Offensive odor has become one of the predominant factors affecting public perception of biosolids land application. 5 The effectiveness of lime stabilization for pathogen reduction and odor control depends on achieving and maintaining a high pH (Ͼ12) through sufficient lime addition and incorporation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Quicklime Incorporation in Bench-Scale and Full-Scale Lime Stabilized Biosolids Using a Flat Surface pH Electrode

Teng

Kwigizile²,

James³

et al. 2007

JAWMA

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Uniform lime incorporation into sewage sludge is critical for biosolid lime stabilization processes. There is no class B biosolids regulation for lime incorporation. The slurry method is currently used to evaluate the pH of limed biosolids, but this method homogenizes the biosolids and potentially masks poor lime mixing. In this study, a flatsurface pH electrode was used in bench-scale and fullscale experiments to measure the pH of lime-stabilized biosolids without creating slurries. The standard deviation of 15 pH measurements at different locations in a biosolid sample was used to assess mixing quality. The bench-scale experimental study showed that well-mixed limed biosolids had consistently high pHs (ϳ12) with low standard deviations (Ͻ0.5 pH units), whereas poorly mixed biosolids had areas with low pH (Ͻ10) and high standard deviations (Ͼ2 pH units). Poorly mixed biosolids exhibited rapid and marked pH reduction, as well as offensive odor generation, whereas well-mixed biosolids resisted pH reduction and offensive odor generation. The full-scale study aimed at improving lime incorporation and biosolids quality confirmed the use of a flat surface pH electrode to capture low pH regions in biosolids that were masked by the current slurry method. IMPLICATIONSThis study aimed at improving lime mixing quality to reduce odor generation. For the first time, a flat-surface pH electrode was used to in situ measure pH in biosolid samples. Both bench-scale and full-scale tests showed a clear correlation of pH, mixing quality and odor generation. The study demonstrated the use of a flat-surface pH electrode to provide a quick and accurate indication of biosolid quality. Figure 3. Variation in calcium percentage and flat-surface pH in bench-scale study within 24 hr of biosolids production for (a) plant product, (b) 3.5% lime dose/60-sec mixing, (c) 7% lime dose/60-sec mixing, and (d) 10% lime dose/60-sec mixing.

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Examination of Mechanisms for Odor Compound Generation During Lime Stabilization

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Characterization of Odors from Limed Biosolids Treated with Nitrate and Anthraquinone

Characterization of Odors from Limed Biosolids Treated with Nitrate and Anthraquinone

WERF Odor Study Phase III: Effect of Alum Addition on Odorant Production from Anaerobically Digested Biosolids

Evaluation of Quicklime Incorporation in Bench-Scale and Full-Scale Lime Stabilized Biosolids Using a Flat Surface pH Electrode

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