“…Formal training strategies, on the other hand, were utilized for pre-service teachers. At least five distinct methodological strategies were identified in this study: project-based learning (Galadima et al, 2019), designbased learning (Aldahmash et al, 2019;Aydin-Gunbatar et al, 2021;Dinh & Nguyen, 2020;Kelley et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2019Wu et al, , 2021, problem-based learning (Alan et al, 2019;Ciftci & Topcu, 2022;Toma & García-Carmona, 2021), collaborative learning (Costa, 2022), and ODR (observation/discussion/reflection) approach (Huang et al, 2022).…”