Examination of the effect of niosome preparation methods in encapsulating model antigens on the vesicle characteristics and their ability to induce immune responses

Characterisation of niosome nanoparticles prepared by microfluidic mixing for drug delivery

“…The size of the particles with the TEM images appears different to the results obtained from the DLS, this is because the samples were dried before TEM analysis. This phenomena has been noticed in our previous work when the niosomes samples dried and examined under the transmission electron microscopy ( Obeid et al, 2020b ) and the atomic force microscopy ( Obeid et al, 2020c ). In this work, the morphology of the loaded niosomes was not investigated since atenolol is a hydrophilic molecule and will be loaded by encapsulation into the aqueous core of the niosomes.…”

“…Microfluidic mixing is based on mixing fluids within small channels of 10–100 mm in diameter ( Whitesides, 2006 ). The application of microfluidic mixing in the preparation of niosomes for drug delivery purposes results in controllable small and monodisperse vesicles with high stability profiles ( Obeid et al, 2020a ).…”

Mucosal and systemic immune responses following mucosal immunisation of tetanus toxoid entrapped in lipid nanoparticles prepared by microwave reactor

“…This is common advantage for the microwave reactor with the microfluidic mixing technique for LNP preparation as both can prepare the particles efficiently in a very short period of time. However, microfluidic mixing requires careful control on the mixing parameters such as the total flow rates and the flow rate ratios [3].…”

SARS-CoV-2: Vaccinology and Emerging therapeutics; Challenges and Future Developments

“…NP technology as an adjunct can enhance immunity by increasing the absorption of an antigen. The NPs are also capable of holding multiple epitopes of the antigen, which creates the endocytosis of the antigens by macrophages [ 37 ]. When phospholipids in liposomes are replaced with nonionic surfactants, the emerging products are liposome-like NPs, known as niosomes.…”