Examination of the Effect of Suitable Size of Shoes under the Second Metatarsal Head and Width of Shoes under the Fifth Metatarsal Head for the Prevention of Callus Formation in Healthy Young Women

Abstract

Excessive pressure and shear stress while walking cause a risk of callus formation, which eventually causes foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus. Callus under the second metatarsal head (MTH) has been associated with increased shear stress/pressure ratios (SPR). Callus under the fifth MTH has been associated with increased peak shear stress (PSS). The purpose of this study is to examine whether the effect of the suitable size and width of shoes prevents diabetic foot ulcers under the second and fifth MTH. We measured the pressure and shear stress by testing three kinds of sizes and two types of width of shoes. Significant difference was not observed in the SPR under the second MTH among different sizes of shoes. However, the pressure and shear stress were significantly lower when putting on shoes of fit size compared with larger sizes. The PSS under the fifth MTH was significantly smaller when putting on shoes of fit width compared with those of narrow width. Wearing shoes of fit size and width has the potential to prevent callus formation by reducing the pressure and shear stress constituting SPR under the second MTH and PSS under the fifth MTH.

Impact of shear stress on sacral pressure injury from table rotation during laparoscopic colorectal surgery performed in the lithotomy position

“…The effect of shear stress on the development of pressure ulcers has been widely reported 19 . However, previous studies on the relationship between shear stress and PI have been limited to the quantitative measurement of pressure and shear stress on the body of wheelchair users 20 , 21 or on foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus 22 – 24 . No reports have evaluated the relationship between surgery-related PI and shear stress.…”

Assessing Excessive Keratinization in Acral Areas through Dermatoscopy with Cross-Polarization and Parallel-Polarization: A Dermatoscopic Keratinization Scale

“…Firstly, it can aid in the early detection and differentiation of various dermatological conditions that involve hyperkeratosis, such as palmoplantar keratoderma or psoriasis [40,41]. Its importance will be particularly pronounced in the evaluation of plantar hyperkeratotic patterns in older patients, as hyperkeratotic alterations in this demographic can result in gait disturbances, reduced quality of life, and pose potential risks, particularly among individuals with diabetes [15,42,43].…”

Relationship between Plantar Pressure and Sensory Disturbance in Patients with Hansen’s Disease—Preliminary Research and Review of the Literature

“…Although they focused on the ulcer itself, we included status which may lead to ulceration according to previous reports [6,25]. We modified two points: replaced the use of "sensory loss" with "sensory disturbance" and focused not only on scarring but also on recurrent callus formation, which easily leads to callous ulcers typically forming underneath [3,26]. Accordingly, we applied the following classification: Category 0, normal foot without remarkable sensory disturbance; Category I, grossly normal foot without scarring or status leading to scarring, persistent or recurrent injury, crack and callus/corn formation, but with a decline of sensation; Category II, grossly normal foot with scarring or status leading to scarring, persistent or recurrent injury, crack and callus/corn formation; Category III, foot with at least one deformity that does not affect either the length or the width of the foot; and Category IV, pathologic short or narrowed foot due to bone absorption or amputation.…”