Examination of the leaf proteome during flooding stress and the induction of programmed cell death in maize

Abstract

BackgroundMaize is a major economic crop worldwide, with substantial crop loss attributed to flooding. During a stress response, programmed cell death (PCD) can be an effective way for plants better adapt. To identify flooding stress related PCD proteins in maize leaves, proteomic analysis was performed using two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry.ResultsComparative proteomics was combined with physiological and biochemical analysis of maize leaves under flooding stress. Fv/Fm, qP, qN and relative water content (RWC) were found to be altered in response to flooding stress, with an increase in H2O2 content noted in vivo. Furthermore, DNA ladder detection indicated that PCD had occurred under flooding treatment. The maize leaf proteome was analyzed via 2D-DIGE gel, with a total of 32 differentially expressed spots isolated, 31 spots were successfully identified via MALDI-TOF/TOF MS which represent 28 proteins. The identified proteins were related to energy metabolism and photosynthesis, PCD, phytohormones and polyamines. To better characterize the role of translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) in PCD during a stress response, mRNA expression was examined in different plants by stress-induced PCD. These included heat stress induced rice protoplasts, Tobacco Mosaic Virus infected tobacco leaves and dark induced rice and Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, all of which showed active PCD, and TCTP expression was increased in different degrees. Moreover, S-adenosylmethionine synthase 2 (SAMS2) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) mRNA expression were also increased, but ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) mRNA expression were not found in maize leaves following flooding. Lastly, ethylene and polyamine concentrations were increased in response to flooding treatment in maize leaves.ConclusionsFollowing flooding stress, the photosynthetic systems were damaged, resulting in a disruption in energy metabolism, with the noted photosynthetic decline also possibly attributed to ROS production. The observed PCD could be regulated by TCTP with a possible role for H2O2 in TCTP induction under flooding stress. Additionally, increased SAMS2 expression was closely associated with an increased polyamine synthesis during flooding treatment.

The identification and characteristics of salinity-related microRNAs in gills of Portunus trituberculatus

“…In total, 34 target genes were identified, among which, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAM) was the only predicted target of the only known differentially expressed miRNA mir-2788. SAM is also known as methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine by joining methionine and ATP (Horikawa et al 1990), and plays an important role in plant responses to salt, drought, alkali, and flood stresses (Kamal et al 2012;Chen et al 2014). SAM is also a methyl donor, which controls gene expression by DNA methylation (Reytor et al 2009).…”

The Translational Controlled Tumour Protein TCTP: Biological Functions and Regulation

“…Protection against high or low temperatures, salt stress or flooding are particularly important for plant survival, and TCTP is regulated under all these conditions. For example, a recent study on maize leaves subjected to flooding stress, reported that TCTP was increased in response to flooding stress, possibly mediated by increased production of hydrogen peroxide (Chen et al 2014b). TCTP from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) was found to be regulated by drought, low temperature, high salt, ethylene, hydrogen peroxide or wounding (Deng et al 2016;Li et al 2013).…”

“…There are also examples of TCTP being transcriptionally regulated in stress conditions: (1) Mild oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide was reported to induce transcription activation of TCTP expression through the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) in keratinocytes (Rid et al 2010) and plants (maize) under flood stress conditions (Chen et al 2014b). (2) Transcriptional induction of TCTP synthesis by heavy metals has been observed very early in earthworms (Sturzenbaum et al 1998).…”

The study of plant adaptation to oxygen deficiency in Saint Petersburg University

“…It is now generally accepted that lack of oxygen induces synthesis of anaerobic stress proteins belonging to the signal transduction network, to enzymes of the respiratory pathways, carbohydrate mobilization, nitrogen metabolism, cell wall loosening, and antioxidant defence (Vartapetian and Jackson, 1997;Chirkova and Voitsekovskaya, 1999b). Proteomic studies revealed from about 30 to 70 upregulated proteins in different plants under oxygen shortage (Chen et al, 2014;Yin, Sakata, Nanjo, and Komatsu, 2014).…”