Learning environments such as classrooms and online systems for students with developmental or intellectual disabilities are typically dynamic, multisensory, and make use of top-down attention and working memory mechanisms to promote sense making by the student. This is specifically true when the student with intellectual disabilities is mainstreamed into a general education classroom. The complex interactions between the classroom, the student, and the content creates serious difficulty in assessing a student’s understanding, particularly for students who are non-verbal or have deficits in communication. However, the last five years have ushered a revolution in computational power, brain mapping, wearable sensors use, large scale data collection, generative artificial intelligence, and physiological signal processing techniques e.g., the 4th industrial revolution