“…The potential of students must be directed towards the competencies needed in the 21st Century, which has entered the era of digitalization (Özdemir, Çoban & Bozkurt, 2020;Rahmatullah, Mulyasa, Syahrani, Pongpalilu & Putri, 2022). Optimizing technology in the learning process in the current digitalization era is a right that must be developed so that the learning process becomes meaningful (Camacho, Villacís, Isabel & Carlos, 2023;Kapucu, Avci & Sural, 2021;Moro, Phelps, Redmond & Stromberga, 2021), so that students can more easily understand about abstract and complex concepts that are difficult to understand just by reading or hearing.…”