Examination of use and barriers for five sun protection strategies in parents and their children

Schlarbaum, Jamie P.; Lazovich, De Ann; Dodd, Erin; Hanson, Brooke; Polcari, Ingrid C.

doi:10.1111/pde.14250

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, parents who consider themselves role models and set a good example seem to be more likely to use sun protection measures for their children [ 11 , 19 ]. As found in other studies, parents who practiced sun protection behaviors for themselves were more likely to report performing sun protection measures for their children [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. However, several studies have shown that parents were more likely to focus on sun protection practices for their children than for themselves [ 18 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Sun Protection and Tanning Behaviors in Caregivers: Prevalence, Determinants, and Associations with Children’s Behaviors

Diehl

Thoonen

Breitbart³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The association between skin cancer and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is well established, and sun protection behavior represents an important preventative measure. In children, caregivers play a key role in this regard. The subject of this study was threefold: whether caregivers of 1 to 11 year-old children are more likely to use sun protection measures compared to non-caregivers, whether considering oneself a role model is associated with sun protection behaviors, and whether their sun protection and risk behaviors are related to children’s behaviors. We used data from the 2020 wave of the National Cancer Aid Monitoring (NCAM) comprised of 4000 individuals (including 554 caregivers of at least one child aged 1–10 years) aged 16 to 65 years and living in Germany. Data were collected through telephone interviews between October and December 2020. No significant differences between caregivers and non-caregivers regarding sun protection and risk behaviors were identified (except tanning on vacation). In both groups, sun protection behaviors were deficient. Caregivers who considered themselves role models concerning sun safety were more likely to use sun protection measures (e.g., using sunscreen on the face: OR = 5.08, p < 0.001). In addition, caregivers’ sun protection behaviors were positively associated with children’s behaviors. Caregivers being highly protected against UVR were more likely to report the use of different measures by/in the child (mean = 4.03), compared to caregivers with medium (3.41) and low (2.97, p < 0.001) protection levels. However, we also found that caregivers’ risk behavior was associated with children’s reported risk behavior. For future prevention, it might be worth focusing on the aspect of caregivers serving as role models. A comprehensive public-health strategy is needed, including key figures such as pediatricians to prevent today’s children from developing skin cancer in later life.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Sun Protection and Tanning Behaviors in Caregivers: Prevalence, Determinants, and Associations with Children’s Behaviors

Diehl

Thoonen

Breitbart³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Comparing two studies conducted in the United States, wearing longsleeve clothes was the most prevalent sun protection method in Minnesota (about 70%), while it was the least common method in Florida (less than 10%). 27,28 In a telephone survey in Australia, among 1140 parents/ guardians of children aged under 11 years old, the two most commonly used methods were wearing hats and sunscreen. 29 The differences in the prevalence of sun protection methods between our study and the one in Australia could be related to the higher public awareness regarding sun protection methods compared to Iran.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar findings were achieved in previous studies by other research groups. 27,32 It is possible that higher educational levels are associated with health awareness among mothers. According to a previous study, students whose parents held university degrees exhibited higher knowledge and practice scores regarding sunprotective measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sun protection behaviors among children aged 6−18 years old, the role of socioeconomic factors: A cross‐sectional study

Nouri,

Iravani,

Abtahi‐Naeini

2023

Health Science Reports

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Background and AimsEvaluation of sun protection behavior and related factors in children aged between 6 and 18 years in Isfahan, Iran.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was conducted at outpatient pediatric clinics affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran during the summer of 2021. A checklist was designed, and the interviewer used that to gather the required information including children's demographic characteristics, families' socioeconomic data, and sun‐protective behaviors in children.ResultsThe mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of children was 10.54 ± 3.61. Among the study population, 63.7% of children were male. The most common skin phototypes were II and III (33.5% each). 83.8% of children used at least one method of sun protection (94.5% of girls, 77.6% of boys, p < 0.001). Wearing long‐sleeved clothes was the most frequent UV‐protection method (48%), while sunscreen application was the least prevalent method (28.1%). Sun protection behaviors were more frequent among urban children (86.7%, p = 0.009) and children with wealthy families (94%, p = 0.035). Sun protection methods were used by most of the children whose mothers applied sunscreen on a daily basis (90.2%, p = 0.002) and all of the children whose mothers held a master's degree or above (100%, p = 0.004).ConclusionChildren's sun protection behavior is directly associated with demographic characteristics, families' socioeconomic level and maternal usage of sun protection measures. It is necessary to provide information and education about sun protection methods and the risks of excessive sun exposure to families and children, as well as facilitate their access to these.

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“…Parents' erroneous perception that they have sufficiently protected their child with sunscreen may lead them to prolong their time spent in the sun, resulting in sunburn [9,51]. Furthermore, studies reported that children are less likely to be protected by sunglasses and a hat than by a T-shirt [52,53], while concurrent use is recommended [15]. Hence, it is possible that the parents in the current study over-estimated their adherence to specific sun protection recommendations, despite the information provided regarding sufficient sun protection in the questionnaire.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings emphasize the difficulty in optimising sun protection in planned sun exposure situations and may lead to the question of whether sunburn prevention is entirely possible or realistic in such situations. Protecting children sufficiently on the beach or by the swimming pool is particularly challenging as the availability of shaded areas is often lacking, sunscreen has to be reapplied more frequently, and clothing may be perceived as a burden [47,53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children's sunburn exposed: identification of sun exposure and parental sun protection patterns

Thoonen¹,

Passos²,

Schneider³

et al. 2021

European Journal of Dermatology

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Background: Preventing sunburn in childhood is imperative in the light of skin cancer prevention. To provide directions for targeted interventions, a better understanding of children's sunburn and associated parental behaviours is necessary. Objectives: To explore sun exposure and parentfor-child sun protection patterns and their relationship with sunburn experienced in children. Materials & Methods: An online survey was conducted among parents (n = 1,299) of children (4 to 12 years). Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify parental subgroups for children's sunburn, sun exposure and several sun protection behaviours (i.e. applying sunscreen, clothing, seeking shade) in two sun exposure settings (i.e. planned versus incidental). LCA results were validated by assessing predictions of class membership through several sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Reported sunburn in the previous year was frequent (>40%). Four latent classes of sunburn-exposureprotection were identified. Overall, the majority of parents reported fair sun protection behaviours. While a low level of protection behaviour was not strongly reflected in lower sunburn rates among the classes, a high level of planned exposure (e.g. going to the beach) seemed to correspond with higher sunburn risk. Parents of younger children and those with more sensitive skin reported sun protection measures more frequently. Older children and those with more sensitive skin experienced more sunburn. Conclusion: This study contributes to current insight into children's sunburn, based on parent-proxy reports. Although a clear differentiation in sunburn risk was not found, several variables, relevant for future interventions, were indicated. By further understanding the complexity of children's sunburn, further research may be directed accordingly.

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Examination of use and barriers for five sun protection strategies in parents and their children

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

Sun Protection and Tanning Behaviors in Caregivers: Prevalence, Determinants, and Associations with Children’s Behaviors

Sun Protection and Tanning Behaviors in Caregivers: Prevalence, Determinants, and Associations with Children’s Behaviors

Sun protection behaviors among children aged 6−18 years old, the role of socioeconomic factors: A cross‐sectional study

Children's sunburn exposed: identification of sun exposure and parental sun protection patterns

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