Examination of utility Phase 1 compliance choices and state reactions to Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

Bailey, K. Alysse; Elliott, Teresa; Carlson, L.; South, D.W.

doi:10.2172/10115520

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Not as many utilities as predicted have participated in allowance trading. Among the reasons cited by Bailey et al (1993) and Anderson (1995) were 0 0 0 0 Many utilities, as a result of the existence of the allowance market, switched to burning low-sulfur coal, which was abundant and reasonably priced, or to blending low-sulfur coal with the higher sulfur coal they already were burning.…”

Section: Page 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The feasibility of effluent trading in the energy industries

Veil¹

1997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In January 1996, the US. Environmental Protection Agency @PA) released a policy statement endorsing wastewater effluent trading in watersheds, hoping to promote additional interest in the subject The policy describes five types of effluent trades -point source/point source, point source/nonpoint source, pretreatment, intraplant, and nonpoint source/nonpoint source. This paper evaluates the feasibility of effluent trading for facilities in the oil and gas industry. The evaluation leads to the conclusion that potential for effluent trading is very low in the exploration and production and distribution and marketing sectors; trading potential is moderate for the refining sector except for intraplant trades, for which the potential is high. Good potential also exists for other types of water-related trades that do not directly involve effluents (e.g., wetlands mitigation banking). The potential for effluent trading in the energy industries and in other sectors would be enhanced if Congress amended the Clean Water Act (CWA) to formally authorize such trading.

show abstract

Section: Page 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors have postulated that utilities that engage in trading as sellers of allowances may have to rebate the proceeds to ratepayers, thereby reducing their incentive to trade at all (Bailey et al 1993;Anderson 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The feasibility of effluent trading in the energy industries

Veil¹

1997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Title IV permit plans for Phase I units were due on February 15, 1993, for review by regional EPA offices (Bailey et al 1993). In them, each owner or operator of a Phase I unit must show how he will meet the requirements of Phase I.…”

Section: Each Allowance Represents a Limited Rightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergies and conflicts in multimedia pollution control related to utility compliance with Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

South¹,

Bailey²

1994

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Most analyses of utility strategies for meeting Title IV requirements in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 have focused on factors relating directly to utilities' sulfur dioxide control costs; however, there are a number of additional environmental requirements that utilities must meet at the same time they comply with the acid rain program. To illuminate the potential synergies and conflicts that these other regulatory mandates may have in connection with the acid rain program, it is necessary to conduct a thorough, simultaneous examination of the various programs. This report (1) reviews the environmental mandates that utilities must plan to meet in the next decade concurrently with those of the acid rain program, (2) evaluates the technologies that utilities may select to meet these requirements, (3) reviews the impacts of public utility regulatioh on the acid rain program, and (4) analyzes the interactions among the various programs for potential synergies and conflicts. Generally, this report finds that the lack of coordination among current and future regulatory programs may result in higher compliance costs than necessary. Failure to take advantage of cost-effective synergies and incremental compliance planning will increase control costs and reduce environmental benefits. SUMMARY The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 introduced a broad range of air quality programs that will affect the environmental control programs of electric utility and nonutility generators. Perhaps the most innovative of the new Act's programs is Title IV. Title IV creates a program of tradeable emission allowances for sulfur dioxide (SO 2) in order to reduce utility SO 2 emissions to half of their 1980 levels. Title IV also specifies emission standards for utility emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x) by boiler type. Title IV is being implemented in two phases. Phase I begins in 1995 and affects the 263 utility units emitting the highest levels of SO2. Phase II begins in 2000 and affects almost every utility fossil-fuel-fired unit. Utilities affected by Title IV have begun implementing SO 2 compliance plans for Phase I. Utilities planning for SO2 compliance are considering the relative fuel, technology, and allowance costs in their planning calculations. In addition, utilities must consider many other existing and potential environmental regulations and requirements. These regulations include the following: • Title IV controls of NOx, • Title I controls of NO x, • Potential Title III controls of hazardous air pollutants, • Potential carbon dioxide measurement and control requirements, • New source requirements, • Revisions and requirements for prevention of significant deterioration and for best available control technology, and • Regulation of solid and aqueous wastes. Ideally, utilities will choose compliance strategies that minimize total environmental compliance costs while maintaining system reliability. Certain control options and strategies can reduce two or more pollutants at a lower cost than separate controls for each of t...

show abstract

Examination of utility Phase 1 compliance choices and state reactions to Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

The feasibility of effluent trading in the energy industries

The feasibility of effluent trading in the energy industries

Synergies and conflicts in multimedia pollution control related to utility compliance with Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About