Examination of virus shedding in semen from vaccinated and from previously infected boars after experimental challenge with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Nielsen, T.L.; Nielsen, Jens Peter; Have, P.; Bækbo, Poul; Hoff-Jørgensen, Rikke; Bøtner, Anette

doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01272-2

Cited by 80 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In the case of PRRSV, the use of a modified live virus vaccine shortened or eliminated virus shedding in boars challenged with wild-type virus 50 d after vaccination [34]. In contrast, an inactivated vaccine did not clearly reduce subsequent shedding of wild-type virus in semen [53,54]. However, vaccine virus of a modified live PRRSV vaccine can be shed in the semen [34].…”

Section: Preventive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diseases in swine transmitted by artificial insemination: An overview

et al. 2008

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Artificial insemination (AI) of swine is widely practiced in countries with an intensive pig production. It is a very useful tool to introduce superior genes into sow herds, with minimal risk for disease transmission. However, the impact of semen that is contaminated with pathogens can be enormous. Most of the micro-organisms that have been detected in boar semen are considered non-pathogenic, but some are known pathogens (e.g. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) that can cause major economic losses. Microbial contamination of semen can be due to systemic and/or urogenital tract infections of the boar, or can occur during collection, processing and storage. It can result in reduced semen quality, embryonic or fetal death, endometritis and systemic infection and/or disease in the recipient female. Conventional techniques for isolation of bacteria and viruses from the semen do not always provide optimal results for various reasons, including lack of sensitivity and speed of testing, and difficult interpretation of the outcome. More recently, PCR tests are commonly used; they have a high sensitivity, the outcome is quickly obtained, and they are suitable for monitoring a large number of samples. The best strategy to prevent AI-transmitted diseases is to use boars that are free of specific pathogens, to monitor the animals and semen regularly, and to maintain very high biosecurity. Additional measures should be directed at treating semen with appropriate antimicrobials, and at reducing contamination during semen collection, processing, and storage. #

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Section: Preventive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diseases in swine transmitted by artificial insemination: An overview

et al. 2008

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“…The porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was (341) and is transmitted sexually (6,237). Attempts have been made to determine the origin of PRRSV in semen by inoculating vasectomized and nonvasectomized boars intranasally with the virus.…”

Section: Animal Semenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses in the Mammalian Male Genital Tract and Their Effects on the Reproductive System

Dejucq

Jégou

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

290

220

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This review describes the various viruses identified in the semen and reproductive tracts of mammals (including humans), their distribution in tissues and fluids, their possible cell targets, and the functional consequences of their infectivity on the reproductive and endocrine systems. The consequences of these viral infections on the reproductive tract and semen can be extremely serious in terms of organ integrity, development of pathological and cancerous processes, and transmission of diseases. Furthermore, of essential importance is the fact that viral infection of the testicular cells may result not only in changes in testicular function, a serious risk for the fertility and general health of the individual (such as a fall in testosteronemia leading to cachexia), but also in the possible transmission of virus-induced mutations to subsequent generations. In addition to providing an exhaustive account of the data available in these domains, this review focuses attention on the fact that the interface between endocrinology and virology has so far been poorly explored, particularly when major health, social and economical problems are posed. Our conclusions highlight the research strategies that need to be developed. Progress in all these domains is essential for the development of new treatment strategies to eradicate viruses and to correct the virus-induced dysfunction of the endocrine system

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“…Attenuated viruses may cause safety problems. Some MLV vaccines may spread transplacentally [18,36,46], be shed via semen and reduce semen quality [10,47], and may even revert to virulence [45]. KV vaccines are safe to use, but currently used KV vaccines insufficiently protect pigs against viremia upon challenge, since both magnitude and duration of viremia were not different between vaccinated and control animals [68].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…KV vaccines are safe to use, but currently used KV vaccines insufficiently protect pigs against viremia upon challenge, since both magnitude and duration of viremia were not different between vaccinated and control animals [68]. A comparative study of MLV and KV vaccines in boars showed that while vaccination with an MLV vaccine decreased viremia and virus shedding in semen, vaccination with a KV vaccine did not change onset, duration or level of viremia, or virus shedding in semen [47]. Preliminary experiments in our lab showed that while an experimental inactivated PRRSV vaccine was able to induce neutralizing antibodies, it could only partly block viremia after challenge [41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the functionality of viral entry-associated domains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during inactivation procedures, a potential tool to optimize inactivated vaccines

2009

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-Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes severe economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Currently, vaccines based on inactivated PRRSV provide limited protection of pigs against infection, most likely because viral epitopes associated with the induction of neutralizing antibodies are not or poorly conserved during inactivation. To analyze the effect of inactivation procedures on the interaction of PRRSV with receptors involved in virus entry, a new assay was set up in this study. Viral entry-associated domains are most likely important for the induction of neutralizing antibodies, since neutralizing antibodies block interaction of PRRSV with cellular receptors. To investigate the interaction of PRRSV with the cellular receptors upon different inactivation procedures, attachment to and internalization of inactivated PRRSV into macrophages were monitored. AT-2 could not inactivate PRRSV completely and is therefore not useful for vaccine development. PRRSV inactivated with ultraviolet light, binary ethyleneimine and gamma irradiation, which all mainly have an effect at the genomic level, showed no difference compared to control live virus at all levels of virus entry, whereas PRRSV treated with formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and pH changes, which all have a modifying effect on proteins, was not able to internalize into macrophages anymore. These results suggest that inactivation with methods with a main effect on the viral genome preserve PRRSV entry-associated domains and are useful for future development of an effective inactivated vaccine against PRRSV. Although PRRSV incubation at 37°C can completely inactivate PRRSV with preservation of entry-associated domains, this method is not recommended for vaccine development, since the mechanism is yet unknown.PRRSV / inactivation / vaccine / entry-associated domain / sialoadhesin

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Examination of virus shedding in semen from vaccinated and from previously infected boars after experimental challenge with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Cited by 80 publications

References 7 publications

Diseases in swine transmitted by artificial insemination: An overview

Diseases in swine transmitted by artificial insemination: An overview

Viruses in the Mammalian Male Genital Tract and Their Effects on the Reproductive System

Assessing the functionality of viral entry-associated domains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during inactivation procedures, a potential tool to optimize inactivated vaccines

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