Examining Breaks and Resistance in Medication Adherence Among Adolescents With ADHD as Associated With School Outcomes

Barnard‐Brak, Lucy; Roberts, Brook; Valenzuela, Evelyn Zagal

doi:10.1177/1087054718763738

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Additionally, Biederman et al (2019) examined medical records from a large health care organization, which indicated that only about half of adolescents with ADHD were adherent to their medication. This result was consistent with Barnard-Brak et al (2020), indicating that approximately half of the parents of children with ADHD aged 13 years and older reporting medication adherence. Thus, this age group would appear to need the most efforts focused on improving their medication adherence (Brikell et al, 2021).…”

supporting

confidence: 87%

“…There has been limited evidence examining when, how often, and with who these medication breaks may occur for individuals with ADHD. In general, the period of adolescence through young adulthood has been found to be a period where there is a higher risk of the non-adherence and permanent discontinuation of the medication for ADHD (e.g., Barnard-Brak et al, 2020; Biederman et al, 2019; Khan & Aslani, 2019). Adolescents typically exercise more autonomy as compared to younger children, given that many adolescents may even be given responsibility to take their medications independently (Barnard-Brak et al, 2020).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, the period of adolescence through young adulthood has been found to be a period where there is a higher risk of the non-adherence and permanent discontinuation of the medication for ADHD (e.g., Barnard-Brak et al, 2020; Biederman et al, 2019; Khan & Aslani, 2019). Adolescents typically exercise more autonomy as compared to younger children, given that many adolescents may even be given responsibility to take their medications independently (Barnard-Brak et al, 2020). Additionally, Biederman et al (2019) examined medical records from a large health care organization, which indicated that only about half of adolescents with ADHD were adherent to their medication.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Medication Non-Adherence and Tolerance Breaks Among Adolescents and Young Adults With ADHD

2023

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Objective: We examine what variables were associated with increased medication non-adherence for adolescents and young adults with ADHD. Method: These variables included sociodemographic characteristics such as gender, age, race, and ethnicity but also included self-reported reasons for medication non-adherence as well as the type of and degree of self-reported side effects or adverse events. Results: The following variables were statistically significant predictors of medication non-adherence: being White; forgetting to take the medication; not liking the feeling; and desiring a tolerance break from the medication. Conclucion: Tolerance breaks appear to be a novel, self-reported reason for medication non-adherence that emerged among adolescents and young adults with ADHD. Tolerance breaks appear to be relatively common, with one in five adolescents and young adults with ADHD reporting this reason for non-adherence. Future research should further investigate tolerance breaks as a reason for medication non-adherence among adolescents and young adults with ADHD.

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Medication Non-Adherence and Tolerance Breaks Among Adolescents and Young Adults With ADHD

2023

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“…Whilst cognitive, emotional and social deficits are present in children with ADHD, adolescence presents a particularly vulnerable period due to the increased social, emotional and academic demands at this time (Picci & Scherf, 2015; van Schalkwijk et al, 2015). Adolescence also remains the most challenging period for intervention, due to decreased adherence to pharmacological interventions (Adler & Nierenberg, 2010; Barndard-Brak et al, 2020), and a lack of non-pharmacological evidence-based interventions for adolescents struggling with emotion regulation and/or social difficulties (Faraone et al, 2019; Morris et al, 2021; Storebo et al, 2019).…”

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Impairments in Emotion Recognition and Positive Emotion Regulation Predict Social Difficulties in Adolescent With ADHD

McKay

Cornish

Kirk

2022

Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry

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Background Emotional dysregulation, poor emotion recognition and impaired response inhibition have been highlighted as potential contributors to social difficulties in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is currently unknown how these areas of impairment relate to one another; therefore, this study aims to identify the areas of emotion regulation which are associated with social difficulties in adolescents with ADHD, and determine whether emotion regulation mediates the relationship between deficits in response inhibition and emotion recognition, and social functioning, in this cohort. Methods Thirty Australian adolescents (Male = 21) with ADHD completed measures of response inhibition, emotion recognition, and emotion regulation. Results Positive emotion regulation was significantly associated with social difficulties. Although emotion recognition significantly predicted social difficulties, there was no relationship between emotion recognition and emotion regulation in this sample, ruling out emotion regulation as a mediator of emotion recognition and social difficulties. Whilst response inhibition was significantly correlated with positive emotion regulation, positive emotion regulation did not mediate the relationship between response inhibition and social difficulties. Conclusions Difficulties recognising and regulating emotions appear to independently contribute to social difficulties in adolescents with ADHD. Interventions to increase emotional understanding and developing strategies to down-regulate positive emotions may be beneficial.

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“…Despite the significant, long-lasting consequences of ADHD symptoms, treatment compliance remains a challenge in adolescents with ADHD. While pharmacological treatments have efficacy in managing ADHD symptoms,5 it is estimated that around half of adolescents with ADHD exhibit some non-compliance 6. High levels of non-compliance coupled with the social and academic consequences of unmanaged ADHD symptoms necessitate the development of appealing and engaging treatment options that can complement and supplement pharmacological treatment.…”

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Training inhibitory control in adolescents with elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder traits: a randomised controlled trial of the Alfi Virtual Reality programme

et al. 2022

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IntroductionAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised by significant deficits in attention and inhibition. These deficits are associated with negative sequelae that emerge in childhood and often continue throughout adolescence. Despite these difficulties adolescents with ADHD often demonstrate poor treatment compliance with traditional interventions (eg, psychostimulant medication). Virtual reality (VR) presents an innovative means of delivering engaging cognitive interventions for adolescents with ADHD and offers the potential to improve compliance with such interventions. The current parallel, randomised controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of a VR intervention (Alfi) designed to improve inhibition in adolescents with ADHD.Methods and analysisA sample of 100 adolescents (aged 13–17) with elevated ADHD symptoms will be recruited from secondary schools and ADHD organisations located in the state of Victoria, Australia. Participants will be randomly assigned to either an 8-week VR intervention or a usual care control. The VR intervention involves the completion of 14 sessions, each 20 min in duration. Participants will complete computerised assessments of inhibition and risk-taking preintervention and immediately postintervention. Parents/guardians will complete online questionnaires about their child’s ADHD symptoms and social functioning at each of these timepoints. The primary outcome is change in inhibition performance in adolescents who received the intervention from preintervention to postintervention compared with adolescents in the control condition. Secondary outcomes include change in risk-taking, ADHD symptoms and social functioning in adolescents who received the intervention from preintervention to postintervention compared with adolescents in the control condition. If the intervention is shown to be effective, it may offer a supplementary approach to traditional interventions for adolescents with ADHD experiencing inhibitory control difficulties.Ethics and disseminationThis trial has ethics approval from the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) (21530) and the Victorian Department of Education and Training HREC (2020_004271). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings and community activities. Individual summaries of the results will be provided to participants on request.Trial registration numberACTRN12620000647932.

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Examining Breaks and Resistance in Medication Adherence Among Adolescents With ADHD as Associated With School Outcomes

Abstract: This result would indicate that not all forms of medication nonadherence have the same association with school outcomes in terms of grades and behaviors.

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Medication Non-Adherence and Tolerance Breaks Among Adolescents and Young Adults With ADHD

Medication Non-Adherence and Tolerance Breaks Among Adolescents and Young Adults With ADHD

Impairments in Emotion Recognition and Positive Emotion Regulation Predict Social Difficulties in Adolescent With ADHD

Training inhibitory control in adolescents with elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder traits: a randomised controlled trial of the Alfi Virtual Reality programme

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