“…In the elementary grades in the United States (U.S.), the amount of daily instructional time involving science and technology and engineering (T&E) concepts is substantially less than that focused on reading, literacy, and mathematics (Daugherty et al, 2022;Douglas et al, 2016;Love, Bartholomew, & Yauney, 2022;Love, Napoli, & Lee, 2023;Radloff & Capobianco, 2021). For decades researchers have advocated for the benefits of integrating constructivist industrial arts (American Council for Elementary School Industrial Arts, 1983;Bonser & Mossman, 1923;Miller & Boyd, 1970), design and technology (D&T) (Todd, 1997), technology education (Minton & Minton, 1987), children's engineering (Dunn & Larson, 1990;Weaver, 2017), and integrative science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education (Cheek, 2021;Daugherty et al, 2022;Swagerty & Hodge, 2019) into elementary curricula.…”