Examining COVID-19 mortality rates by race and ethnicity among incarcerated people in 11 U.S. state prisons (March–October 2021)

Li, Mimi Yen; Grebbin, Shelby; Patil, Ankita; Cowger, Tori L.; Kunichoff, Dennis; Feldman, Justin M.; Jiménez, Monik C.

doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101299

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Crude mortality rates in prisons were often equal to, or less than the community,26 29 38 39 53 55 58 63 although these were not standardised (eg, for age). Deaths from COVID-19 disproportionately affected non-Hispanic black, Hispanic and older PEI 45 50 62 64. All-cause mortality in PEI increased compared to pre-pandemic 61 62…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration: a systematic review

Williams,

Spinks,

Williams

et al. 2024

BMJ Open

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration (PEI), focusing particularly on clinical outcomes compared with the general population.DesignSystematic review with narrative synthesis in accordance with the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination’s good practice guidelines.Data sourcesMedline, Social Policy and Practice, Criminology Connection, ASSIA, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web Of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Cochrane COVID-19 reviews, COVID-19 Evidence Reviews and L*OVE COVID-19 Evidence databases were searched up to 21 October 2022.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesWe included studies presenting data specific to adults ≥18 years experiencing incarceration, with exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection. All studies with a comparison group, regardless of study design and country were included. Studies with no comparison group data or not measuring clinical outcomes/health inequalities were excluded. Studies focussing on detained migrants, forensic hospitals, prison staff and those not in English were also excluded.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Data underwent narrative synthesis using a framework analysis based on the objectives, for infection rates, testing, hospitalisation, mortality, vaccine uptake rates and mental health outcomes. There was no scope for meta-analysis, due to the heterogeneity of evidence available.Results4516 references were exported from the databases and grey literature searched, of which 55 met the inclusion criteria. Most were from the USA and were retrospective analyses. Compared with the general population, PEI were usually found to have higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and poorer clinical outcomes. Conflicting data were found regarding vaccine uptake and testing rates compared with the general population. The mental health of PEI declined during the pandemic. Certain subgroups were more adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as ethnic minorities and older PEI.ConclusionPEI have poorer COVID-19 clinical outcomes than the general public, as shown by largely low-quality heterogenous evidence. Further high-quality research of continuing clinical outcomes and appropriate mitigating interventions is required to assess downstream effects of the pandemic on PEI. However, performing such research in the context of incarceration facilities is highly complex and potentially challenging. Prioritisation of resources for this vulnerable group should be a focus of national policy in the event of future pandemics.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022296968.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certain minoritised groups including non-Hispanic black, black ethnic minority groups and older PEI had poorer outcomes following COVID-19 infection 47 48 50 64. The burden of COVID-19 in prisons in rural and socio-economically disadvantaged areas was also higher 48.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration: a systematic review

Williams,

Spinks,

Williams

et al. 2024

BMJ Open

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Regarding COVID-19, one study described that Black patients were significantly less likely to receive antiviral treatment and had longer lengths of in-hospital lengths of stay compared to White patients during the early stages of the pandemic [ 64 ]. Another 2022 study looking at incarcerated United States populations specifically identified that COVID-19 mortality and morbidity rates were higher in Black and Hispanic populations compared to their White counterparts [ 65 ]. Due to these populations’ association with worse COVID-19 outcomes compared to White populations, increased COVID-19 booster dose hesitancy places them in an even more vulnerable position [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Level Correlates of COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Krasner,

Harmon,

Martin

et al. 2024

Vaccines

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: Evidence exists that individual-level sociodemographic factors contribute to vaccine hesitancy, but it is unknown how community-level factors affect COVID-19 booster dose hesitancy. The current study aims to fill this knowledge gap by comparing data from a nationwide survey on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy with a community-level indicator, i.e., the Distressed Communities Index (DCI). Methods: Attitudes toward vaccinations, vaccine literacy, COVID-19 vaccine confidence index, and trust were measured using a 48-item, psychometrically valid and reliable survey tool. In this study, 2138 survey participants residing in the United States were divided into quintiles of varying community distress levels based on their zip codes using the DCI. Data were analyzed through Chi-square, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc analysis with Tukey’s test. Results: A significantly higher proportion of participants from the distressed communities had lower trust than their prosperous counterparts (26.6% vs. 37.6%, p < 0.001). On the contrary, participants from the prosperous communities had significantly higher vaccine confidence index scores than those in distressed communities (2.22 ± 1.13 vs. 1.70 ± 1.01, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings affirm the importance of developing community-level interventions to promote trust in COVID-19 vaccinations and increase booster dose uptake. From these results, future studies can examine the efficacy of various community-level interventions.

show abstract

“…Race/ethnicity, in particular, is often reported with extensive differences across states, requiring a focused analysis attendant to those variations. Because racial/ethnic disparities and gender differences are closely related to U.S. incarceration and COVID-19–related deaths ( 27 ), understanding pandemic-related total mortality in prisons by race/ethnicity and gender is critical for future work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess mortality in U.S. prisons during the COVID-19 pandemic

Sugie,

Turney,

Reiter

et al. 2023

Sci. Adv.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

U.S. prisons were especially susceptible to COVID-19 infection and death; however, data limitations have precluded a national accounting of prison mortality (including but not limited to COVID-19 mortality) during the pandemic. Our analysis of mortality data collected from public records requests (supplemented with publicly available data) from 48 Departments of Corrections provides the most comprehensive understanding to date of in-custody mortality during 2020. We find that total mortality increased by 77% in 2020 relative to 2019, corresponding to 3.4 times the mortality increase in the general population, and that mortality in prisons increased across all age groups (49 and under, 50 to 64, and 65 and older). COVID-19 was the primary driver for increases in mortality due to natural causes; some states also experienced substantial increases due to unnatural causes. These findings provide critical information about the pandemic’s toll on some of the country’s most vulnerable individuals while underscoring the need for data transparency and standardized reporting in carceral settings.

show abstract

Examining COVID-19 mortality rates by race and ethnicity among incarcerated people in 11 U.S. state prisons (March–October 2021)

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration: a systematic review

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration: a systematic review

Community Level Correlates of COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Excess mortality in U.S. prisons during the COVID-19 pandemic

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About