“…A considerable amount of research has focused on antecedents and outcomes of brand attachment like brand love, brand engagement (Gómez‐Suárez, 2019), nostalgic emotions (Wen, Qin, & Liu, 2019), product design (Gilal, Zhang, et al, 2020a), loyalty intentions (Hwang, Baloglu, & Tanford, 2019), need satisfaction (Ahn, 2019), and intrinsic motivation (Hung & Lu, 2018). Until now, no single study exists that adequately examines brand attachment as an outcome of firms' CSR activities and/or brand attachment as an antecedent of brand passion.…”