“…In general, perceived quality has a more significant impact on satisfaction than expectations (Ali et al, 2021; Oliver & DeSarbo, 1988; Yılmaz & Temizkan, 2022). Several scholars have also found that service quality affects the satisfaction of exchange students, such as teaching methods and intercultural experiences (Van der Beek et al, 2014), physical environment, price/fee, personal safety, and student-lecturer attachment (Chelliah et al, 2019), economic, communication, cultural, prejudice, and transportation factors (Acikgoz et al, 2020), and proposed extracurricular activities (Chaiyasat, 2020), Erasmus Student Network (ESN), online media use, among others (Senci et al, 2022). Therefore, perceived quality may play a more direct role in influencing satisfaction.…”