Examining Evidence of Benefits and Risks for Pasteurizing Donor Breastmilk

Coleman, Margaret E.; North, D. Warner; Dietert, Rodney R.; Stephenson, Michele M.

doi:10.3390/applmicrobiol1030027

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Our evidence maps for breastmilk [64,97] and cow's milk described herein reflect the explosions of knowledge of the microbiota of milks and their functions in health as the 'microbiome revolution' continues to transform into 'normal science', in Kuhn's terminology [133]. Tremendous advances in the state of knowledge about milk microbiota for both humans and cows (analysis herein) are highlighted from the past decade, from microbiologic, immunologic, and decision science perspectives.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Supplemental studies that provide evidence of potential mechanisms for benefits and risks are introduced in Figure 1 (and Supplementary Tables S1 and S2). The categories for potential mechanisms for the breastmilk [64] and bovine milk ecosystems (Figure 1) are similar, though few supporting studies test milks representing both ecosystems.…”

Section: Results For Cow's Milk Evidence Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The process for creating a cow's milk evidence-based map for decision making paralleled our recent publication (in this Special Issue): an example comparing pasteurized donor milk and unpasteurized (raw) human breastmilk [64]. As such, the extensive literature on the microbiota of cow's milk and assessments of benefits and risks was compiled over multiple years of this project, including results of searches, as well as manuscripts and reports submitted by our project partners.…”

Section: Approach For Creating the Evidence Map For Cow's Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evidence maps for the bovine milk ecosystem generated herein (Figure 1) and the breastmilk ecosystem in a companion article [64] illustrate the major shifts in methods, concepts, and knowledge base [101] that microbiologist and physician Martin Blaser [102] described as the 'microbiome revolution'. Our evidence maps highlight plausible mechanistic studies on the microimmunosome and the natural microbiota of raw milks that may contribute to benefits and risks.…”

Section: Opening Dialogue and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lady Eve Balfour's work on whole foods included raw milk traditionally produced on holistic small farm ecosystems and identified factors relevant to future risk-benefit analysis. Optimistically, the evidence maps for breastmilk [64] and bovine milk (Figure 1) may serve to re-open deliberations of the 'state of the science' and uncertainties about benefits and risks of pasteurization in the 21st century.…”

Section: Opening Dialogue and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Nourishing the Human Holobiont to Reduce the Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Cow’s Milk Evidence Map Example

Dietert

Coleman²,

North

et al. 2021

Applied Microbiology

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The microbiome revolution brought the realization that diet, health, and safety for humans in reality means diet, health, and safety for the human holobiont/superorganism. Eating healthier means much more than just feeding human cells. Our diet must also nourish the combination of our microbiome and our connected physiological systems (e.g., the microimmunosome). For this reason, there has been an interest in returning to ancestral “complete” unprocessed foods enriched in microbes, including raw milks. To contribute to this inevitable “nourishing the holobiont” trend, we introduce a systematic risk–benefit analysis tool (evidence mapping), which facilitates transdisciplinary state-of-the-science decisions that transcend single scientific disciplines. Our prior paper developed an evidence map (a type of risk–benefit mind map) for raw vs. processed/pasteurized human breast milk. In the present paper, we follow with a comprehensive evidence map and narrative for raw/natural vs. processed/pasteurized cow’s milk. Importantly, the evidence maps incorporate clinical data for both infectious and non-communicable diseases and allow the impact of modern agricultural, food management, and medical and veterinary monitoring outcomes to be captured. Additionally, we focus on the impact of raw milks (as “complete” foods) on the microimmunosome, the microbiome-systems biology unit that significantly determines risk of the world’s number one cause of human death, non-communicable diseases.

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Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Results For Cow's Milk Evidence Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Approach For Creating the Evidence Map For Cow's Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Opening Dialogue and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Opening Dialogue and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Nourishing the Human Holobiont to Reduce the Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Cow’s Milk Evidence Map Example

Dietert

Coleman²,

North

et al. 2021

Applied Microbiology

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Trends in Burdens of Disease by Transmission Source (USA, 2005–2020) and Hazard Identification for Foods: Focus on Milkborne Disease

Stephenson,

Coleman,

Azzolina

2024

J Epidemiol Glob Health

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Background Robust solutions to global, national, and regional burdens of communicable and non-communicable diseases, particularly related to diet, demand interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary collaborations to effectively inform risk analysis and policy decisions. Objective U.S. outbreak data for 2005–2020 from all transmission sources were analyzed for trends in the burden of infectious disease and foodborne outbreaks. Methods Outbreak data from 58 Microsoft Access® data tables were structured using systematic queries and pivot tables for analysis by transmission source, pathogen, and date. Trends were examined using graphical representations, smoothing splines, Spearman’s rho rank correlations, and non-parametric testing for trend. Hazard Identification was conducted based on the number and severity of illnesses. Results The evidence does not support increasing trends in the burden of infectious foodborne disease, though strongly increasing trends were observed for other transmission sources. Morbidity and mortality were dominated by person-to-person transmission; foodborne and other transmission sources accounted for small portions of the disease burden. Foods representing the greatest hazards associated with the four major foodborne bacterial diseases were identified. Fatal foodborne disease was dominated by fruits, vegetables, peanut butter, and pasteurized dairy. Conclusion The available evidence conflicts with assumptions of zero risk for pasteurized milk and increasing trends in the burden of illness for raw milk. For future evidence-based risk management, transdisciplinary risk analysis methodologies are essential to balance both communicable and non-communicable diseases and both food safety and food security, considering scientific, sustainable, economic, cultural, social, and political factors to support health and wellness for humans and ecosystems.

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Suppression of pathogens in properly refrigerated raw milk

Coleman,

Oscar,

Negley

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Conflicting claims exist regarding pathogen growth in raw milk. A small pilot study was designed to provide definitive data on trends for pathogen growth and decline in raw bovine milk hygienically produced for direct human consumption. An independent laboratory conducted the study, monitoring growth and decline of pathogens inoculated into raw milk. Raw milk samples were inoculated with foodborne pathogens (Campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, or Salmonella) at lower (<162 colony forming units (CFU) per mL) and higher levels (<8,300 CFU/mL). Samples were stored at 4.4°C and quantified over time after inoculation (days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 14) by standard culture-based methods. Statistical analysis of trends using the Mann-Kendall Trend Test and Analysis of Variance were conducted for 48 time series observations. Evidence of pathogen growth was documented for L. monocytogenes in 8 of 12 replicates (P = 0.001 to P = 0.028). Analysis of variance confirmed significant increases for L. monocytogenes at both initial levels in week 2. No evidence of growth was documented over 14 days for the three pathogens predominantly associated with raw milk outbreaks in the US (Campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella). Further research is needed to characterize parameters for pathogen growth and decline to support re-assessment of risks that were based on incorrect assumptions about interactions of pathogens with the raw milk microbiota.

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Examining Evidence of Benefits and Risks for Pasteurizing Donor Breastmilk

Cited by 4 publications

References 64 publications

Nourishing the Human Holobiont to Reduce the Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Cow’s Milk Evidence Map Example

Nourishing the Human Holobiont to Reduce the Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Cow’s Milk Evidence Map Example

Trends in Burdens of Disease by Transmission Source (USA, 2005–2020) and Hazard Identification for Foods: Focus on Milkborne Disease

Suppression of pathogens in properly refrigerated raw milk

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