Examining Motor Tasks of Differing Complexity After Concussion in Adolescents

Exercise in the first week following concussion among collegiate athletes: Preliminary findings

“…The cognitive test, consistent with previous studies, 24,25 consisted of spelling a 5-letter word backwards, serial subtraction from a 2-digit number by 6s or 7s, or reverse month recitation. Participants wore three inertial measurement sensors attached at the level of the lumbosacral junction and on the dorsum of each foot (Opal Sensor, APDM Inc., Portland, OR).…”

“…22 At the follow-up evaluation, study participants completed a single/dual-task gait assessment. [23][24][25] During single-task trials, participants walked at a comfortable pace along the pathway, while during dual-task trials, they walked and simultaneously completed a cognitive test.…”

A Review of Analytical Methods Used for Evaluating Clustering in Concussion-Related Symptoms

“…The clusters were illustrated as a hierarchically ordered tree with "branches" lined up such that similar variables were closest to each other [25]. Cicerone [5] times per day for a 20-day period (albeit, in a modest sample of 10 subjects) to characterize the temp o r a l a n d s t r u c t u r a l d y n a m i c s o f c o n c u s s i o n symptomology in their study [37]. They observed densely connected symptom networks that were largely idiosyncratic in nature, though they found that clusters of emotional symptoms, cognitive symptoms, and symptoms of hyperacusis were common in their sample [37•].…”

“…Importantly, concussions affect all aspects of an individual's health including physical, mental, and emotional components. In terms of physical health, concussions primarily impact areas of cognition and postural control [5][6][7][8]. From a clinical perspective, cognition relates to memory, processing speed, reaction time, and concentration, while postural control is often represented as balance but can include symptoms such as falling.…”

The use of continuous spectral analysis for the assessment of postural stability changes after sports-related concussion

“…Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a complex brain injury resulting from mechanical trauma and associated with a range of neurological impairments including effects on motor control (McCrory et al, 2017(McCrory et al, , 2001). Many athletes with SRC demonstrate altered balance (Baracks et al, 2018;Guskiewicz, 2011;Guskiewicz et al, 2001;Howell et al, 2019;Parrington et al, 2019;Powers et al, 2014;Valovich McLeod and Hale, 2015) and the Modified Balance Error Scoring System (M-BESS) protocol for clinical balance evaluation (McCrory et al, 2017;Riemann and Guskiewicz, 2000) is an integral part of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT; used to assist with acute assessment. Instrumented assessment of SRC initially focused on time-domain COP variables (Goldie et al, 1989;Palmieri et al, 2002;Riemann et al, 1999), with more-recent studies investigating non-linear measures of COP movement to quantify properties such as entropy and complexity (Cavanaugh et al, 2005;Haid and Federolf, 2018;Sosnoff et al, 2011) and also exploring the use of inertial sensor instead of force platform technology to characterise body sway (Doherty et al, 2017;King et al, 2014).…”