Examining Objectification Theory

Hill, Melanie S.; Fischer, Ann R.

doi:10.1177/0011000007301669

Cited by 122 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Lesbian women did not report experiencing less sexual objectification than heterosexual women (consistent with findings of Hill and Fischer 2008), but did report less body surveillance, suggesting the possibility that something associated with lesbian identity may attenuate the effects of being objectified by others (or, alternatively, factors associated with heterosexual identity may increase the negative impact of the sexualized gaze on heterosexual women). This interpretation is consistent with findings that anticipating a male gaze (but not a female gaze) increased body shame in women (Calogero 2004).…”

Section: Tests Of Objectification Theorysupporting

confidence: 58%

Tests of Objectification Theory in Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Community Samples: Mixed Evidence for Proposed Pathways

2011

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Objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997) proposes that women are especially vulnerable to eating disordered behavior when they live in cultures in which their bodies are a constant focus of evaluation. The current study examined whether predictions of objectification theory involving the associations among sexual objectification, body surveillance, body shame, and eating disordered behavior were supported in groups that varied by both gender and sexual orientation. Adults from a U.S. community sample in the Chicago area (92 heterosexual women; 102 heterosexual men; 87 gay men; and 99 lesbian women) completed self-report measures of these constructs. Results suggest that group differences in experiences of sexual objectification and body surveillance may partially explain gender and sexual orientation-based differences in eating disordered behavior.

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Section: Tests Of Objectification Theorysupporting

confidence: 58%

Tests of Objectification Theory in Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Community Samples: Mixed Evidence for Proposed Pathways

2011

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“…If participants rank the appearance-based attributes as more important than the competence-based attributes, a negative correlation would be expected between the two sets of attributes. Previous research using this method as a measure of internal consistency reliability for the SOQ has demonstrated strong negative correlations between appearance and competence rankings, indicating good reliability, r = −.81 to −.88 (Calogero & Jost, 2011;Hill & Fischer, 2008). For the current study, the correlations between appearance and competence rankings were −.99, −1.00, −1.00, and −1.00 for baseline, post-intervention, 5-month follow-up, and 1-year follow-up, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The scoring method for the SOQ and the nature of the rank-ordered data prevents traditional reporting of internal consistency values. Therefore, internal consistency reliability is determined by calculating a correlation between the sum of the appearance-based items and the sum of the competence-based items (Hill & Fischer, 2008). If participants rank the appearance-based attributes as more important than the competence-based attributes, a negative correlation would be expected between the two sets of attributes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the integration of thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification in the prevention of eating disorders

Diest

Perez

2013

Body Image

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“…Further, reading beauty magazines (Harper & Tiggemann, 2008;Morry & Staska, 2001), watching music videos or other sexually objectifying television (Aubrey, 2006a;Grabe & Hyde, 2009), exercising at a gym or fitness centre (Prichard & Tiggemann, 2005;Slater & Tiggemann, 2006), and being a member of a sorority (Basow, Foran, & Bookwala, 2007) have all shown some links with either self-objectification or self-surveillance. Sexual objectification experiences have been examined further by Kozee and colleagues including the development of the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale (Kozee & Tylka, 2006;Kozee, Tylka, Augustus-Horvath, & Denchik, 2007) and the investigation of unwanted sexual advances or peer sexual harassment or teasing (Hill & Fischer, 2008;Lindberg et al, 2007;Petersen & Hyde, 2013). Importantly however, the majority of this work on the experiences of sexual objectification has been conducted using adult college-aged women (for a more thorough review see Moradi & Huang, 2008).…”

Section: Predictors Of Self-objectificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Media Exposure, Extracurricular Activities, and Appearance-Related Comments as Predictors of Female Adolescents’ Self-Objectification

Slater

Tiggemann

2014

Psychology of Women Quarterly

101

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Our study examined three potential predictors of self-objectification in female adolescents, namely media exposure, extracurricular activities, and appearance-related comments (both positive and negative). Participants were 1087 female adolescents ranging in age from 12-16 years-old who completed questionnaire measures of media exposure (television, magazines, Internet, and social networking), time spent on extracurricular activities, positive and negative appearance-related comments, self-objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, and disordered eating. Tests of the hypothesized path model revealed that self-reported exposure to magazines and social networking sites each independently was associated positively with self-objectification. In addition, positive appearance-related comments were shown to be associated positively with selfobjectification. On the other hand, time spent on extracurricular activities was not related to self-objectification. The results offer support for the role of media exposure and appearance-related comments in the development of self-objectification in female adolescents. In particular the results suggest that positive appearance-related comments (compliments) may be just as, or even more, likely to give rise to self-objectification as negative appearance-related comments. The findings suggest practical strategies for the potential protection of the development of selfobjectification and its deleterious consequences.Keywords: objectification, body image, eating disorders, media exposure, adolescent development, interpersonal influences Media Exposure, Extracurricular Activities, and Appearance-related Comments as Predictors of Female Adolescents' Self-objectification Although the links between self-objectification and proposed consequences such as body shame and disordered eating have now been widely supported, less attention has been paid to factors that may predict or precede self-objectification. The current study aims to extend existing knowledge by examining three potential predictors of self-objectification that form part of the socio-cultural environment of female adolescents: media exposure, extracurricular activities, and appearance-related comments. Attempting to understand situations in which selfobjectification may occur, and specifically highlighting factors that may contribute to or protect against self-objectification, is essential in order to identify mechanisms for disrupting the development of this particular and harmful view of self. Objectification TheoryObjectification theory, as formalised by Fredrickson and Roberts (1997), provides a theoretical framework for investigating the consequences of living in a society that sexually objectifies women and girls. According to the theory, the repeated experience of sexual objectification gradually socializes women and girls to begin to view themselves as objects to be evaluated on the basis of their appearance. Over time, this can lead women and girls to adopt an observer's perspective of their own bodies, ...

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Examining Objectification Theory

Cited by 122 publications

References 62 publications

Tests of Objectification Theory in Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Community Samples: Mixed Evidence for Proposed Pathways

Tests of Objectification Theory in Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Community Samples: Mixed Evidence for Proposed Pathways

Exploring the integration of thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification in the prevention of eating disorders

Media Exposure, Extracurricular Activities, and Appearance-Related Comments as Predictors of Female Adolescents’ Self-Objectification

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