Examining Perceptual Barriers to Technology

Abstract

This study examines educators’ perceived barriers to technology integration and the relationship to education reform. Educators and administrators from four elementary schools in Washington State were interviewed in their classrooms during a three-month period. The schools differed in size, location, and social economic status and reported variances in their Washington Assessment of Student Learning (WASL) scores. While all of the schools reported similar barriers to the use of educational technology, distinct differences appeared between those schools that had done long-range planning during the reform process and those that had not. Specifically, staff in the two schools that coordinated curricula, performance standards, and a variety of assessment tools while simultaneously allowing teachers the flexibility to alter the curricula, were more likely to state personal responsibility for student learning, and they also were more likely to have overcome barriers to the use of technology.

Further Explorations of Unnatural Alkaloids

“…This idea is supported by the finding that N-acryloyl-(25b) and N-crotonyldeacetylcolchicine (26b), prepared by conventional methods, did bind well to tubulin protein in vitro (Figure 14). The dideuterated analog 27b could not be obtained by deuteration of 26b, a reaction which 12 R,=Ac, R2 = OCH3 20 Rj = Ac, R2=OH 16 R^COCF,, R2=OCH, 21 R^CH,, R2 = OCH, Percentage by which binding of 3H-colchicine (2.5µ, ) to tubulin from rat brain is reduced in the presence of the colchicine analog (25µ. ).…”

“…Therefore, reduction of 2a• HC1 in MeOH with sodium borohydride afforded, after reductive N-methylation, the so-called dihydroseco compound 11a, more conveniently prepared by quaternization of 2a with dimethyl sulfate, followed by reduction of the quaternary salt 10a with sodium borohydride in MeOH. The low analgetic activity of 11a in the hot-plate assay in mice in doses up to 100 mg/kg, when compared to ( -)-eseroline, which is active at the mg level, suggests that a tricyclic molecule, and not the open-ring indolium species suggested (16), may be required. This is further supported by the fact that ring-opening only occurs at pH 3 or below (17), which is rather unphysiological.…”