“…QM has frequently been assumed to be a multidimensional construct measured by such dimensions as customer focus (CF) (Lee & Lee, 2013;Samson & Terziovski, 1999), top management commitment (Lakhal, 2009;Sharma, 2006), leadership (Calvo-Mora, Picón, Ruiz, & Cauzo, 2013;Sila & Ebrahimpour;, employee training (Banerji et al, 2005, Kim et al, 2012Su et al, 2008), employee relations (Flynn et al, 1995;Herzallah et al, 2014), quality information and reporting (Kim et al, 2012;Terziovski, 2006;Zu, Douglas, & Fredendall, 2008), benchmarking (Dow, Samson, & Ford, 1999;Powell, 1995), process management (PM) (Fening et al, 2008;Kim et al, 2012;Kristal et al, 2010), supplier management (SM) (Ahire & O'Shaughnessy, 1998;Kim et al, 2012;Tari, Molina, & Castejon, 2007), product design (Kaynak, 2003;Kim et al, 2012;Merino-Díaz, 2003), statistical process control (Ahire, Golhar, & Waller, 1996;Lau, Zhao, & Xiao, 2004), quality planning (Feng, Prajogo, Tan, & Sohal, 2006;Prajogo & Brown, 2004), and continuous improvement (Delić et al, 2014;Rahman & Bullock, 2005).…”