Examining the associations of racism, sexism, and stressful life events on psychological distress among African-American women.

Stevens‐Watkins, Danelle; Perry, Brea L.; Pullen, Erin; Jewell, Jennifer A.; Oser, Carrie B.

doi:10.1037/a0036700

Cited by 73 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Similarly, results from Piña-Watson et al’s [97] study of Mexican high school students suggest that gender moderates the relationship between discrimination stress and well-being, with female adolescents experiencing higher levels of somatic symptoms, depressive affect, suicidal ideation, and discrimination stress than their male counterparts. Studies of Asian American, Latina, and African American women have explored how they are exposed to discrimination based on at least two of their social identities (i.e., race and gender), which may negatively influence their mental health outcomes, such as stress [98] and PTSD [99]. Stevens-Watkins et al [98] insist that it is problematic to exclude the constructs of racism and sexism from the measurement of stressful life events, since they are correlated with one another and with stressful life events.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of Asian American, Latina, and African American women have explored how they are exposed to discrimination based on at least two of their social identities (i.e., race and gender), which may negatively influence their mental health outcomes, such as stress [98] and PTSD [99]. Stevens-Watkins et al [98] insist that it is problematic to exclude the constructs of racism and sexism from the measurement of stressful life events, since they are correlated with one another and with stressful life events. This highlights the importance of examining the intersectionality of social identities in mental health research, and there is a growing body of literature on this topic.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Mental Health: a Review and Future Directions for Social Epidemiology

et al. 2017

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Purpose of review Recent literature on racial or ethnic discrimination and mental health was reviewed to assess the current science and identify key areas of emphasis for social epidemiology. Objectives of this review were to: 1) Determine whether there have been advancements in the measurement and analysis of perceived discrimination; 2) Identify the use of theories and/or frameworks in perceived discrimination and mental health research; and 3) Assess the extent to which stress buffers are being considered and evaluated in the existing literature. Recent findings Metrics and analytic approaches used to assess discrimination remain largely unchanged. Theory and/or frameworks such as the stress and coping framework continue to be underused in majority of the studies. Adolescents and young adults experiencing racial/ethnic discrimination were at greater risk of adverse mental health outcomes, and the accumulation of stressors over the life course may have an aggregate impact on mental health. Some growth seems evident in studies examining the mediation and moderation of stress buffers and other key factors with the findings suggesting a reduction in the effects of discrimination on mental health. Summary Discrimination scales should consider the multiple social identities of a person, the context where the exposure occurs, how the stressor manifests specifically in adolescents, the historical traumas, and cumulative exposure. Life course theory and intersectionality may help guide future work. Despite existing research, gaps remain in in elucidating the effects of racial and ethnic discrimination on mental health, signaling an opportunity and a call to social epidemiologists to engage in interdisciplinary research to speed research progress.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Mental Health: a Review and Future Directions for Social Epidemiology

et al. 2017

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“…Related research in public health indicates that the interaction of racism and sexism predicted increased stress in African-American, women college students (King, 2003). Yet, other research has suggested independent, but not interactive, effects for racism or sexism predicting distress (Stevens-Watkins et al, 2014; Szymanski et al, 2010). Thus, examining interactive effects of gender and race/ethnicity on negative judgments toward PWIDs was exploratory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Towards greater understanding of addiction stigma: Intersectionality with race/ethnicity and gender

Kulesza

Matsuda

Ramirez

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

138

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Background In spite of the significant burden associated with substance use disorders, especially among persons who inject drugs (PWIDs), most affected individuals do not engage with any type of formal or informal treatment. Addiction stigma, which is represented by negative social attitudes toward individuals who use alcohol and/or other drugs, is one of the barriers to care that is poorly understood. The current study: a) assessed implicit (indirect and difficult to consciously control) and explicit (consciously controlled) beliefs about PWIDs among visitors to a public web site; and b) experimentally investigated the effects of ethnicity/race and gender on those implicit and explicit beliefs. Methods N=899 predominantly White (70%) and women (62%) were randomly assigned to one of six target PWIDs conditions: gender (man/woman) x race/ethnicity (White, Black, Latino/a). Participants completed an Implicit Association Test and explicit assessment of addiction stigma. Results Participants implicitly associated PWIDs (especially Latino/a vs. White PWIDs) with deserving punishment as opposed to help (p =.003, d = .31), indicating presence of addiction stigma-related implicit beliefs. However, this bias was not evident on the explicit measure (p = .89). Gender did not predict differential implicit or explicit addiction stigma (p = .18). Conclusions Contrary to explicit egalitarian views towards PWIDs, participants' implicit beliefs were more in line with addiction stigma. If replicated and clearer ties to behavior are established, results suggest the potential importance of identifying conditions under which implicit bias might influence behavior (even despite explicit egalitarian views) and increase the likelihood of discrimination towards PWIDs.

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“…The insidious and pervasive effects of racism and other forms of oppression can be seen across the life course in several areas, including child birth (Dominguez, Dunkel-Schetter, Glynn, Hobel, & Sandman, 2008), parenting , intimate relationships (Cowdery et al, 2009), gender roles (Collins, 1998a(Collins, , 1998b, and racial and ethnic identity (Carter & Reynolds, 2011). In addition, such exposure to injustices contributes to existing health (Sanders-Phillips, Settles-Reaves, Walker, & Brownlow, 2009;Stevens-Watkins, Perry, Pullen, Jewell, & Oser, 2014) and economic (Becker, 2010;Darity & Mason, 2004) disparities.…”

Section: Stress Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a Better Understanding of African American Families: Development of the Sociocultural Family Stress Model

Smith

Landor

2018

J of Family Theo & Revie

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Family stress models have a long and rich history in family science research and are useful frameworks for understanding multicultural families. Although these models add greatly to research on diverse families in general, we believe that the almost exclusive focus on cross‐cultural replications may come at the cost of a more culturally and contextually informed understanding of specific groups such as African Americans. In this article, we expand current family stress models using two key extensions that challenge some of the underlying assumptions and situate constructs within intersectionality and mundane extreme environmental stress (MEES) perspectives. In addition, we introduce an integrative theoretical framework, the sociocultural family stress (SFS) model, which includes explicit considerations of both the culture and heterogeneity of African Americans and their families. Suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Examining the associations of racism, sexism, and stressful life events on psychological distress among African-American women.

Cited by 73 publications

References 32 publications

Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Mental Health: a Review and Future Directions for Social Epidemiology

Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Mental Health: a Review and Future Directions for Social Epidemiology

Towards greater understanding of addiction stigma: Intersectionality with race/ethnicity and gender

Toward a Better Understanding of African American Families: Development of the Sociocultural Family Stress Model

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