“…As a first step, survivors of IPV have to both recognize abusive behavior as problematic and believe that others can help them (Liang, Goodman, Tummala-Narra, & Weintraub, 2005; Shannon, Logan, Cole, & Medley, 2006). Findings from empirical studies suggest that women may not recognize behaviors involved in psychological abuse, such as controlling behaviors and isolation, as abuse (Flicker et al, 2011; Taft, Resick, Panuzio, Vogt, & Mechannic, 2007). In a large sample of rural and urban women, M age = 32, SD = 9.47, Shannon and colleagues found that rural women were more likely to experience severe physical abuse over the course of their lives and more psychological abuse in the year surveyed than urban women.…”