Examining the Effects of the Destroying Ammunition, Mines, and Explosive Devices on the Presence of Heavy Metals in Soil of Open Detonation Pit: Part 1—Pseudo-total Concentration

Tomić, Neda Tešan; Smiljanić, Slavko; Jović, Mihajlo D.; Gligorić, Miladin; Povrenović, Dragan; Došić, Aleksandar

doi:10.1007/s11270-018-3957-0

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The soil concentrations of contaminants in military zones and war-impacted areas in literature have been typically compared to various types of defined values: (1) background soil concentrations [13,[15][16][17][18][19][20], (2) agricultural soil concentrations [9,17,21,22], (3) generic industrial, urban, and/or recreational soil concentrations [9,13,16,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29], and (4) military range soil concentrations. Some reference values, as well as limits for PTE and CM concentrations in soils, are summarized in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.…”

Section: Generic Limits and Legislation For Protection Of Soils And Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have reported elevated concentrations of PTEs in soil samples collected from war-impacted areas and military training grounds [6,7,9,13,[15][16][17][19][20][21][22][23][24][26][27][28][29][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70] with their reported values summarized in Table 3.…”

Section: Soil Contamination By Potentially Toxic Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highly contaminated military-impacted areas (SPI >100) were military training areas from Australia [68], Korea [21], Spain [19], Canada [27], Norway [17], and Bosnia Herzegovina [9]. For the site in Australia, soil sampling was conducted at four shooting ranges.…”

Section: Soil Contamination By Potentially Toxic Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is notable that there was a relatively constant ratio of Sb:Pb concentration (0.110 ± 0.001), which seems to reflect the Sb:Pb ratio in the core of the original ammunition mainly used at this location [15,17]. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, soil samples were taken from an open detonation pit from different depths [9]. Generally, soils from observed locations could be classified as a silty loam soil having alkaline pH (9.2-9.9).…”

Section: Soil Contamination By Potentially Toxic Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potential human exposure may lead to adverse effects including damage to vital organs such as the liver and kidneys, pathology of red blood cells, and irritation of epithelial tissues [1,3,6]. For decades, extended areas belonging to military facilities have remained widely contaminated with toxic compounds, mainly explosives and munitions (and their residues) containing harmful substances including but not limited to antimony (Sb), lead (Pb), uranium (U), 2, 4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) [7][8][9][10]. A large majority of these compounds are resistant to biological degradation or treatment and thus remain in the biosphere, becoming a contamination source potentially harmful to human health and the environment due to their possible toxic impacts [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil Contamination in Areas Impacted by Military Activities: A Critical Review

et al. 2020

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Military activities drastically affect soil properties mainly via physical/chemical disturbances during military training and warfare. The present paper aims to review (1) physical/chemical disturbances in soils following military activities, (2) approaches to characterization of contaminated military-impacted sites, and (3) advances in human health risk assessment for evaluating potential adverse impacts. A literature search mainly covering the period 2010–2020 but also including relevant selected papers published before 2010 was conducted. Selected studies (more than 160) were grouped as follows and then reviewed: ~40 on the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), ~20 on energetic compounds (ECs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs), ~40 on human health risk assessment, and generic limits/legislation, and ~60 supporting studies. Soil physical disturbances (e.g., compaction by military traffic) may drastically affect soil properties (e.g., hydraulic conductivity) causing environmental issues (e.g., increased erosion). Chemical disturbances are caused by the introduction of numerous PTEs, ECs, and CWAs and are of a wide nature. Available generic limits/legislation for these substances is limited, and their contents do not always overlap. Among numerous PTEs in military-impacted zones, Pb seems particularly problematic due to its high toxicity, abundance, and persistence. For ECs and CWAs, their highly variable physiochemical properties and biodegradability govern their specific distribution, environmental fate, and transport. Most site characterization includes proper spatial/vertical profiling, albeit without adequate consideration of contaminant speciation/fractionation. Human health risk assessment studies generally follow an agreed upon framework; however, the depth/adequacy of their use varies. Generic limits/legislation limited to a few countries do not always include all contaminants of concern, their content doesn’t overlap, and scientific basis is not always clear. Thus, a comprehensive scientific framework covering a range of contaminants is needed. Overall, contaminant speciation, fractionation, and mobility have not been fully considered in numerous studies. Chemical speciation and bioaccessibility, which directly affect the results for risk characterization, should be properly integrated into risk assessment processes for accurate results.

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Section: Generic Limits and Legislation For Protection Of Soils And Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soil Contamination By Potentially Toxic Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soil Contamination By Potentially Toxic Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soil Contamination By Potentially Toxic Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil Contamination in Areas Impacted by Military Activities: A Critical Review

et al. 2020

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Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals: Reaction Mechanisms and Selected Efficient Technologies of Heavy Metal Contamination

Shehu,

Gumi,

Ismail

2023

Heavy Metal Toxicity: Environmental Concerns, Remediation and Opportunities

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Remote sensing as a key tool for assessing war-induced damage to soil cover in Ukraine (the case study of Kyinska territorial hromada)

Bonchkovskyi,

Ostapenko,

Shvaiko

et al. 2023

Journ. Geol., Geogr., and Geoec..

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The war is damaging one of Ukraine’s main assets its soil resources. Soil takes the brunt of military operations, suffers the most contamination and, as an inert ecosystem com- ponent, can bear the consequences of war for a long time. Thus, the assessment of the degree of soil disturbance and contamination enables us to estimate the consequences of the ecocide carried out by the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine. The article presents preliminary research on the impact of the war on the soil cover of arable land in the Kyinska territorial hromada (Chernihiv region), where warfare lasted only a month, but during this short time, they caused irreparable damage to the environment. The study was conducted based on the analysis of high-resolution satellite imagery by Maxar. 4914 craters were identified in the Kyinska hromada, including 2912 craters within arable land, ranging in diameter from 0.5 to 13.8 m. According to the morphometric parameters of the craters, the probable caliber of the ammunition and the volume of soil displaced were estimated, which is 3136 m3. It is proposed to distinguish bombturbation and contamination zones aroundthe craters, which differ in the degree and nature of their impact on the soil. In the bombturbation zone, the soil was redeposited, ejected, displaced, compacted, deformed, and heavily contaminated, whereas in the contamination zone, the soil was mostly physically undisturbed, however, slightly contaminated by explosives, shells, and bomb fragments. The estimated area of both zones was determined to be 44.3 hectares for the bombturbation zone and 386.9 hectares for the contamination zone. Areas of possible soil compaction and deformation due to the maneuvers of heavy military vehicles were identified. Moreover, the issue of the high risk of soil contamination with heavy metals as a result of shells and bombs exploding was considered. The contamination is apparently limited to the contamination zone. Over time, vertical and horizontal migration of heavy metals can lead to secondary risk of contamination with heavy metals. Furthermore, geomorphological hazards can occur on the slopes and at the bottom of craters, leading to engineering complications of the territory, unfavorable physical and chemical processes in the soil, and an expansion of the contamination zone. In accordance with the Methodology set out in the Order of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine No. 167 dated 04.04.2022, the amount of damage from soil contamination of arable land in the Kyinska territorial hromada was calculated at 192.2 million UAH.

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Examining the Effects of the Destroying Ammunition, Mines, and Explosive Devices on the Presence of Heavy Metals in Soil of Open Detonation Pit: Part 1—Pseudo-total Concentration

Cited by 8 publications

References 41 publications

Soil Contamination in Areas Impacted by Military Activities: A Critical Review

Soil Contamination in Areas Impacted by Military Activities: A Critical Review

Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals: Reaction Mechanisms and Selected Efficient Technologies of Heavy Metal Contamination

Remote sensing as a key tool for assessing war-induced damage to soil cover in Ukraine (the case study of Kyinska territorial hromada)

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